Chapter 37 Flashcards
The process of urination
Micturition
Red blood cells in the urine
Hematuria
The bladder wall muscle
Detrusor
Accumulations of precipitated material in the urine that have a cylindrical shape like a mold of a section of tubule
Casts
Precipitated material in the urine that increases as urine cools
Crystals
The area of the bladder between the openings of the ureters and the urethra
Trigone
White blood cells in the urine
Pyuria
All of the glomeruli are located in the renal….
cortex
Small openings in the glomerular endothelium, called… are maintained by the vascular endothelial growth factor secreted by the ….
fenestrae/ podocytes
The….. urethral sphincter is under voluntary control and is innervated by the ….somatic nerve
external/ pudendal
Urea is a product of … breakdown; recycling of urea within the renal medulla is necessary to …urine
protein/ concentrate
Elimination of a substance in the urine is called
excretion
The amount of plasma filtered per unit time is the…
glomerular filtration rate
Natriuretic peptides…. renal excretion of sodium and water; ADH …. renal excretion of water, which….urine specific gravity
increase/ decreases/increases
Blood entering the peritubular capillaries has….. hydrostatic pressure and… oncotic pressure, which facilitates …. of fluid from the proximal convoluted tubules
low/high/reabsorption
Tamm-Horsfall protein; also known as… is produced in the …. nephron segments and protects against …..
uromedulin/distal/bacteria
The concentration gradient of the renal interstitium…..from the cortex to the tip of the medulla; this gradient is necessary in order to….the urine
increases/concentrate
The countercurrent exchange system is composed of the …. and its function requires that the fluid within move….
vasa recta/slowly
The kidneys….vitamin D, a process that is stimulated by…
activate/ parathyroid hormone
Creatinine clearance is used to estimate…. para-aminohippuric acid clearance is used to estimate….
glomerular filtration rate/ renal blood flow
Renal arterioles are innervated by ( ) nerve; increased firing of these nerves causes the arterioles to ____________.
sympathetic
vasoconstrict
Net glomerular filtration pressure is the sum of the forces that ( ) filtration minus the forces that ( ) filtration.
favor
oppose
The renal hormone ( ) degrades catecholamines
renalase
In response to hypoxia, the kidneys secrete ( ), which circulates to bone marrow and stimulates ( ).
erythropoietan
erythropoiesis
The term ____________ refers to how much of a substance can be removed from the blood by the kidneys per a unit of time
clearance
Plasma creatinine concentration ( ) when the GFR decreases, but it takes 7-10 days for the level to stabilize, so this measure is best for monitoring ( ) renal disease
increases
chronic
the BUN level ( ) when the GFR decreases, but also varies with dehydration, protein intake, and protein ( ) which may make it unreliable for monitoring renal function
increases
catabolism
Urine from the bladder to the exterior of body
urethra
Urine from kidneys to the bladder
ureter
cells that secrete K+ and reabsorb Na+ and H2O
principal cells
cells that reabsorb K+ and secrete H+ ions
intercalated cells
moves substances from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen
tubular secretion
moves substances from renal tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries
tubular secretion
location where the renal blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ureter enter and exit the kidneys is called the
hilum
the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are the only renal tubular cells that have
microvilli
