Chapter 37

Question 1

The process of urination

Answer 1

Micturition

Question 2

Red blood cells in the urine

Answer 2

Hematuria

Question 3

The bladder wall muscle

Answer 3

Detrusor

Question 4

Accumulations of precipitated material in the urine that have a cylindrical shape like a mold of a section of tubule

Answer 4

Casts

Question 5

Precipitated material in the urine that increases as urine cools

Answer 5

Crystals

Question 6

The area of the bladder between the openings of the ureters and the urethra

Answer 6

Trigone

Question 7

White blood cells in the urine

Answer 7

Pyuria

Question 8

All of the glomeruli are located in the renal….

Answer 8

cortex

Question 9

Small openings in the glomerular endothelium, called… are maintained by the vascular endothelial growth factor secreted by the ….

Answer 9

fenestrae/ podocytes

Question 10

The….. urethral sphincter is under voluntary control and is innervated by the ….somatic nerve

Answer 10

external/ pudendal

Question 11

Urea is a product of … breakdown; recycling of urea within the renal medulla is necessary to …urine

Answer 11

protein/ concentrate

Question 12

Elimination of a substance in the urine is called

Answer 12

excretion

Question 13

The amount of plasma filtered per unit time is the…

Answer 13

glomerular filtration rate

Question 14

Natriuretic peptides…. renal excretion of sodium and water; ADH …. renal excretion of water, which….urine specific gravity

Answer 14

increase/ decreases/increases

Question 15

Blood entering the peritubular capillaries has….. hydrostatic pressure and… oncotic pressure, which facilitates …. of fluid from the proximal convoluted tubules

Answer 15

low/high/reabsorption

Question 16

Tamm-Horsfall protein; also known as… is produced in the …. nephron segments and protects against …..

Answer 16

uromedulin/distal/bacteria

Question 17

The concentration gradient of the renal interstitium…..from the cortex to the tip of the medulla; this gradient is necessary in order to….the urine

Answer 17

increases/concentrate

Question 18

The countercurrent exchange system is composed of the …. and its function requires that the fluid within move….

Answer 18

vasa recta/slowly

Question 19

The kidneys….vitamin D, a process that is stimulated by…

Answer 19

activate/ parathyroid hormone

Question 20

Creatinine clearance is used to estimate…. para-aminohippuric acid clearance is used to estimate….

Answer 20

glomerular filtration rate/ renal blood flow

Question 21

Renal arterioles are innervated by ( ) nerve; increased firing of these nerves causes the arterioles to ____________.

Answer 21

sympathetic

vasoconstrict

Question 22

Net glomerular filtration pressure is the sum of the forces that ( ) filtration minus the forces that ( ) filtration.

Answer 22

favor

oppose

Question 23

The renal hormone ( ) degrades catecholamines

Answer 23

renalase

Question 24

In response to hypoxia, the kidneys secrete ( ), which circulates to bone marrow and stimulates ( ).

Answer 24

erythropoietan

erythropoiesis

Question 25

The term ____________ refers to how much of a substance can be removed from the blood by the kidneys per a unit of time

Answer 25

clearance

Question 26

Plasma creatinine concentration ( ) when the GFR decreases, but it takes 7-10 days for the level to stabilize, so this measure is best for monitoring ( ) renal disease

Answer 26

increases

chronic

Question 27

the BUN level ( ) when the GFR decreases, but also varies with dehydration, protein intake, and protein ( ) which may make it unreliable for monitoring renal function

Answer 27

increases

catabolism

Question 28

Urine from the bladder to the exterior of body

Answer 28

urethra

Question 29

Urine from kidneys to the bladder

Answer 29

ureter

Question 30

cells that secrete K+ and reabsorb Na+ and H2O

Answer 30

principal cells

Question 31

cells that reabsorb K+ and secrete H+ ions

Answer 31

intercalated cells

Question 32

moves substances from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen

Answer 32

tubular secretion

Question 33

moves substances from renal tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries

Answer 33

tubular secretion

Question 34

location where the renal blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ureter enter and exit the kidneys is called the

Answer 34

hilum

Question 35

the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are the only renal tubular cells that have

Answer 35

microvilli