Chapter 37 Flashcards

1
Q

The process of urination

A

Micturition

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2
Q

Red blood cells in the urine

A

Hematuria

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3
Q

The bladder wall muscle

A

Detrusor

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4
Q

Accumulations of precipitated material in the urine that have a cylindrical shape like a mold of a section of tubule

A

Casts

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5
Q

Precipitated material in the urine that increases as urine cools

A

Crystals

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6
Q

The area of the bladder between the openings of the ureters and the urethra

A

Trigone

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7
Q

White blood cells in the urine

A

Pyuria

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8
Q

All of the glomeruli are located in the renal….

A

cortex

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9
Q

Small openings in the glomerular endothelium, called… are maintained by the vascular endothelial growth factor secreted by the ….

A

fenestrae/ podocytes

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10
Q

The….. urethral sphincter is under voluntary control and is innervated by the ….somatic nerve

A

external/ pudendal

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11
Q

Urea is a product of … breakdown; recycling of urea within the renal medulla is necessary to …urine

A

protein/ concentrate

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12
Q

Elimination of a substance in the urine is called

A

excretion

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13
Q

The amount of plasma filtered per unit time is the…

A

glomerular filtration rate

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14
Q

Natriuretic peptides…. renal excretion of sodium and water; ADH …. renal excretion of water, which….urine specific gravity

A

increase/ decreases/increases

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15
Q

Blood entering the peritubular capillaries has….. hydrostatic pressure and… oncotic pressure, which facilitates …. of fluid from the proximal convoluted tubules

A

low/high/reabsorption

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16
Q

Tamm-Horsfall protein; also known as… is produced in the …. nephron segments and protects against …..

A

uromedulin/distal/bacteria

17
Q

The concentration gradient of the renal interstitium…..from the cortex to the tip of the medulla; this gradient is necessary in order to….the urine

A

increases/concentrate

18
Q

The countercurrent exchange system is composed of the …. and its function requires that the fluid within move….

A

vasa recta/slowly

19
Q

The kidneys….vitamin D, a process that is stimulated by…

A

activate/ parathyroid hormone

20
Q

Creatinine clearance is used to estimate…. para-aminohippuric acid clearance is used to estimate….

A

glomerular filtration rate/ renal blood flow

21
Q

Renal arterioles are innervated by ( ) nerve; increased firing of these nerves causes the arterioles to ____________.

A

sympathetic

vasoconstrict

22
Q

Net glomerular filtration pressure is the sum of the forces that ( ) filtration minus the forces that ( ) filtration.

A

favor

oppose

23
Q

The renal hormone ( ) degrades catecholamines

24
Q

In response to hypoxia, the kidneys secrete ( ), which circulates to bone marrow and stimulates ( ).

A

erythropoietan

erythropoiesis

25
The term ____________ refers to how much of a substance can be removed from the blood by the kidneys per a unit of time
clearance
26
Plasma creatinine concentration ( ) when the GFR decreases, but it takes 7-10 days for the level to stabilize, so this measure is best for monitoring ( ) renal disease
increases | chronic
27
the BUN level ( ) when the GFR decreases, but also varies with dehydration, protein intake, and protein ( ) which may make it unreliable for monitoring renal function
increases | catabolism
28
Urine from the bladder to the exterior of body
urethra
29
Urine from kidneys to the bladder
ureter
30
cells that secrete K+ and reabsorb Na+ and H2O
principal cells
31
cells that reabsorb K+ and secrete H+ ions
intercalated cells
32
moves substances from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen
tubular secretion
33
moves substances from renal tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries
tubular secretion
34
location where the renal blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ureter enter and exit the kidneys is called the
hilum
35
the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are the only renal tubular cells that have
microvilli