Unit 7 Review

Question 1

what is the source of H2O and electrolytes that are secreted in digestive secretions?

Answer 1

Enterocytes in the crypts of Lieberkuhn

Question 2

What is the function of H2O and electrolytes secreted in digestive secretions?

Answer 2

serves as a vehicle for absorption for the chime as it comes in contact with villi

Question 3

three major GI hormones

Answer 3

Ach, gastrin, histamine

Question 4

what does Ach, gastrine and histamine do in GI tract

Answer 4

stimulate the release of acid

Question 5

gastrin stimulates ( ) to secrete ( ) to promote ____ and ___

Answer 5

gastric gland ……. hydrochloric acid

growth of gastric mucosa and promote gastric motility

Question 6

homone that increases GI motility

Answer 6

motilin

Question 7

stimulated by chime in the duodenum, stimulates gall bladder to eject bile and pancreas to secrete alkaline fluid, slows gastric emptying

Answer 7

Cholecystokinin

Question 8

hydrolysis: hydrogen and hydroxyl ions removed/added, splitting up food into basic parts

Answer 8

digestion

Question 9

monosaccarides are broken down from what

Answer 9

carbs

Question 10

fats are broken down into

Answer 10

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 11

proteins are broken down into

Answer 11

amino acids

Question 12

the transport of particles through and to the cells, active transport, diffusion or solvent

Answer 12

absorption

Question 13

what bacteria is involved in the development of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers

Answer 13

helicobacter pylori

Question 14

H pylori cause ( ) with release of ________ ________ and reactive O2 metabolites that damage mucosal epithelial cells and cause loss of protective mucosal barrier

Answer 14

inflammation

inflammatory cytokines

Question 15

what are methods for diagnosing H. pylori

Answer 15

cultures, histological staining, mucosal biopsy

urea breath tests, serum antibodies, stool and serum antigen, and gastric biopsy

Question 16

protect stomach lining–stimulate the secretion of mucus and bicarbonate and by inhibiting secretion of acid

Answer 16

prostaglandins

Question 17

destructive effect on prostaglandin synthesis

Answer 17

ASA and NSAIDS

Question 18

Gram negative infectious agent

Answer 18

H. Pylori

Question 19

treatment for H. pylori

Answer 19

bismuth, combination of abx w/vit. C to prevent relapse

Question 20

peptic ulcers r/t increased gastrin: a gastrinoma (gastrin secreting neruoendocrine tumor) of the pancreas or duodenum stimulates proliferation of gastric parietal cells and chronic secretions

Answer 20

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Question 21

2 out of 3 symptoms x3 months: change in bowel habits, abdominal pain, bloated feeling, mucus in stool, gas, diarrhea or constipation

Answer 21

IBS

Question 22

inflammation anywhere in digestive tract, RLQ pain, colon thickened rocky appearance, ulcers deep and may extend into all layers of bowel wall, rectal bleeding not common

Answer 22

Crohn’s Diseases

Question 23

colon is affected site, inflammation is continuous, not patchy, pain in LLQ, colon wall is thinner and shows inflammation, ulcers only on inner lining of intestinal walls, bleeding during BMs

Answer 23

ulcerative cholitis

Question 24

tests for colon CA

Answer 24

colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, fecal occult blood testing CT,double contrast barium enema

Question 25

bring O2 rich but nutrient poor blood to liver

Answer 25

hepatic arteries

Question 26

bring nutrient rich but O2 poor blood to liver

Answer 26

hepatic veins

Question 27

vessel in abdominal cavity formed by union of superior mesenteric and splenic veins that channels blood from the GI tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver

Answer 27

hepatic portal vein

Question 28

system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries

Answer 28

hepatic portal system

Question 29

substances absorbed in the ______ ________ travel to the liver for processing before continuing to the ( ) and on to __________ ______

Answer 29

small intestine heart general circulation

Question 30

blood flows through ______ vein through _______. Blood also flows from branches of the __________ _______ and mixes in the sinusoids. The _________ _____ then drains deoxygenated blood into the ________ ______ _______.

Answer 30

portal vein......... sinusoids hepatic artery hepatic vein inferior vena cava

Question 31

role of the liver in terms of carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism

Answer 31

glycogen storage, plasma protein synthesis, & bile production for digestion of lipids, synthesis of albumin-protein that helps balance body fluids

Question 32

Can we survive without a liver?

Answer 32

No. No way to compensate for the absence of liver long term

Question 33

causes of jaundice

Answer 33

infection, Hepatitis, parasite, drugs, poisons, birth defects, excess bilirubin, or bilirubin can't be broken down, liver damage, gall stones, gallbladder disorder, blood disorder, pancreatitis, pancreatic CA, bile build-up r/t pregnancy--pressure in abdomen

Question 34

hepato-toxic drugs

Answer 34

APAP, NSAIDS, amiodarone, anabolic steroids, erythromycin, OCPs, sulfonamide, phenytoin, carbamazapine, to name a few

Question 35

most common drug-induced liver cell necrosis, injury largely confined to certain area or liver lobule

Answer 35

zonal necrosis

Question 36

hepatocellular necrosis with infiltration of inflammatory cells

Answer 36

hepatitis

Question 37

liver injury leads to impairment of bile flow and causes inflammation (or sometimes no inflammation), itching and jaundice

Answer 37

cholestasis

Question 38

hepatoxicity manifested as triglyceride accumulation: fatty liver

Answer 38

steatosis

Question 39

drug induced, associated with other tissue granulomas

Answer 39

granuloma

Question 40

injury to the vascular endothelium

Answer 40

vascular lesions

Question 41

hepatocellular CA, angiosarcoma, liver adomas

Answer 41

neoplasms

Question 42

Hep A - source of infxn, incubation, chronic vs. acute

Answer 42

oral/fecal, 15-50 days, no chronic, only acute

Question 43

Hep B - source, incubation, chronic vs. acute

Answer 43

blood and bodily fluids, 45-160 days, acute to chronic

Question 44

Hep C - source, incubation, chronic vs. acute

Answer 44

blood and bodily fluids, 14-180 days, acute - rare, chronic can lead to cirrhosis

Question 45

Hep D - source, incubation, chronic vs. acute

Answer 45

blood and bodily fluids, needs HBV to survive, 3-7 weeks, acute leads to chronic, difficult to treat with HepB

Question 46

Hep E - source, incubation, chronic vs. acute

Answer 46

oral/fecal, 3-8 wks, acute unless immunocompromised

Question 47

bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts, infrequent emptying and contracting of gall bladder & proteins in liver and bile that promote or inhibit cholesterol crystallization

Answer 47

causes of formation of gall stones

Question 48

risk factors for pancreatitis

Answer 48

ETOH, smoking, gallstones, ERCP, abdominal trauma, carcinoma, drugs, penetrating ulcers, infections, mumps, hepatitis

Question 49

sudden inflammation and edema of the pancreas, leading to necrosis and secondary injury to extrapancreatic organs

Answer 49

pancreatitis

Question 50

treatment of pancreatitis

Answer 50

NPO, rest pancreas, surgery - remove gall bladder or stones,aggressive fluid rehydration, ICU, surgery

Question 51

gall bladder disease is usually treated by...

Answer 51

removing gall bladder

Question 52

deadly CA--abdominal or back pain, jaundice, wt loss, light colored stools, dark urine,

Answer 52

pancreatic CA

Question 53

reasons canc of the panc is so deadly...

Answer 53

rarely detected early, spreads very quickly, (easy access to nearby organs), recurrence is likely, relatively resistant to chemotherapy

Question 54

diverticular disease occurs in the...

Answer 54

large intestine.