Unit 9: Review Flashcards
Social Psychology
The study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Attribution Theory
We explain someone’s behavior by either the situation or their personality
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Attitude
Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Peripheral Route Persuasion
Occurs when people are influence by incidental cues, such as the speaker’s attractiveness
Central Route Persuasion
Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
People who agree to a small request are more likely to agree to a larger request
Role
A set of expectations about a social position, defining how they ought to behave
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
To reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and actions clash, we reduce dissonance by changing our attitudes
Conformity
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Normative Social Influence
Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational Social Influence
Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
Social Facilitations
Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal
Group Polarization
The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussions within the group
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Culture
The behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Norm
An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Prejudice
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members
Stereotyple
A generalized belief about a group of people
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Just-world Phenomenon
The tendency for people to believe that people get what they deserve
Ingroup
“Us”
Outgroup
“Them”
Ingroup Bias
The tendency to favor our own group
Scapegoat Theory
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Other-race Effect
It’s easier to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than the face of other races
Frustration-Aggression Principle
The principle that frustration, the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, creates anger, which can generate aggression
Social Script
Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Passionate Love
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a relationship
Companionate Love
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Equity
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Self-Disclosure
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander Effect
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Social Exchange Theory
The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Reciprocity Norm
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Social Responsibility Norm
An expectation that people will help those needing their help
Conflict
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Social Trap
A situation in with the conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Mirror-Image Perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Superordinate Goals
Shared goals that override differences among people are require their cooperation
GRIT
Strategy designed to decrease international tensions
Philip Zimbardo
Created the Stanford Prison simulation
Solomon Asch
Line experiment with other people
Stanley Milgram
Person shocks someone experiment
