Unit 7: Review Flashcards
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
Drive Reduction Theory
A physiological need creates an aroused tension state, which motivates the organism to satisfy that need
Yerkes-Dodson
Performance increases with arousal only up to a point, then performance decreases
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Describes what needs must be met in order to satisfy other, less important needs
What physiological factors produce hunger?
The hypothalamus receives a signal of a drop in glucose, so it secretes appetite-stimulating hormones
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides for the major source of energy for the body tissues
Set point
The point at which an individual’s weight is set, when the body falls below or above it, it changes energy output
Basal Metabolic Rate
The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Stages of the sexual response cycle
Excitement - Genitals become engorged with blood
Plateau - Excitement peaks as breathing pulse and blood pressure rates increase
Orgasm - Muscle contractions happen all over the body
Resolution - Body returns to its unaroused state and the refractory period starts again
Men vs. Women refractory period
Men is longer
Humans vs. other animals (sex hormones)
Sex hormones govern human behaviors less rigidly than the behaviors of other species
Why do humans have an affiliation need?
Humans survive and reproduce better in groups
Insecure anxious attachment
Constantly craving acceptance but remaining vigilant to signs of possible rejection
Insecure avoidant attachment
Feelings of discomfort over getting close to others
James-Lange theory
Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard theory
Emotion arousing stimuli trigger the physiological response and the experience of emotion at the same time
Two-factor theory
AKA Shatcher-Singer, Emotions have two ingredients - physical arousal and cognitive appraisal
Zajanc/LeDoux
Some emotional responses, like simple likes, dislikes, and fears, involve no conscious thinking
Lazarus
Emotions arise when we apprise an event as harmless or dangerous
Women vs. Men (Reading facial expressions)
Women can detect facial expressions better
Expressing emotions culture to culture
Emotional expressions are understood across all cultures but the way they are expressed is different
Facial Feedback Effect
The emotion you display makes you feel that
Behavior Feedback Phenomenon
Your behavior dictates what emotions you feel
Health Psychology
Provides psychologys contribution to behavioral medicine
Stress apprasial
How you interpret a stressor
Stress
The process by which you perceive and respond to certain events
General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Tend-and-Befriend response
More common in women, people provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others
Psychophysiological illnesses
“Mind body” illness; any stress related physical illness
Lymphocytes
Two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system: B and T types
Type A vs. Type B
Type A is more aggressive and competitive, Type B is more easygoing. Type A has a higher risk of heart attack
Unconsious mind
Freud’s theory of personality that he attributes unconscious motives and conflicts to
Psychoanalysis + Free Association
Free Association is where people say their unfiltered train of thoughts, then get psychoanalyzed
Id
A reservoir of the unconscious, Wants immediate pleasure. Wants to satisfy aggressive and sexual needs
Ego
The largely conscious executive part of the personality that mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality.
Superego
The part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and standards of judgment
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Oral - mouth
Anal - pooing and peeing
Phallic - incest
Latency - no sexual feelings
Genital - normal sexual feelings
Oedipus Complex
A boy’s sexual desires for his mother and hatred for his father
Psychodynamic Theories
Modern-day approaches to Psychosexual Stages
Neo-Freudian’s ideas vs Freuds
Neo-Freudians - shared similar ideas, but paced more emphasis on the conscious mind and doubted that sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian. Much of our effort is to conquer childhood inferiority
Karen Horney
Neo-Freudian. Childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security
Carl Jung
Believed we have a collective unconscious of memory that traces from our species’ history
Projective test
A personality test designed to reveal hidden emotions and internal conflicts
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test where people make up stories about ambiguous scenes
Rorscach inkblot test
The most widely used projective test, used to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of ink blots
False consensus effect
We tend to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors
Terror-Management Thoery
A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
Humanism
Views psychology with a focus on the potential for healthy human growth
Abraham Maslow
Humanist - Proposed we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, and ultimately seek self-actualization
Carl Rogers
Humanist - growth requires genuineness, acceptance, and empathy (person-centered response)
Self-concept
Answer to the question “Who am I”. If we do not feel like our ideal self, we feel dissatisfied and unhappy
Gordon Allport’s traits vs. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
Allport believed we all had special measurable traits, and was more concerned with describing them than explaining them
MBTI test
Personality test that categorizes individuals into one of 16 personality types
Eysenck Personality Questionare
Measures an individual’s personality along three dimensions
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
“Big Five” Scale
Measures the five most important traits in predicting personality: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, Openness, Extravesion
Person-Situation Controversy
Looking for genuine personality traits that persist over time and across situations
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Proposed by Albert Bandura, it views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context
Behavioral Approach
Focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and the enviornment
Positive Psychology
The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
Overconfidence effect
Tendency for individuals to overestimate their abilities and knowledge. Leads to errors in judgment and decision-making
Self
Refers to an individual’s personal identity and sense of who they are
Spotlight effect
The tendency for an individual to overestimate the extent to which others pay attention to them
Self-Esteem
An individuals overall evaluation of their worth or value as a person
Self-Efficany
An individual’s belief in their ability to successfully complete tasks and achieve goals
Self-Serving bias
The tendeny to attribute your successes to internal factors and your failures to external factors
