Unit 6: Review Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
Continuity and stages
What parts of development are gradual and what parts are abruptly in separate stages
Stability and change
Which of our traits persist through life? How do we change as we age?
What did Lawrence Kohlberg come up with?
Moral Development
What did Erik Erikson come up with?
Psychological development
What did Jean Piaget come up with?
Cognitive development
Conception
Begins with the release of the egg from the ovary, and 250 million deposited sperm. One sperm penetrates the coating and within hours, they fuse
Germinal stage
First 10-14 days, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division
How does the zygote become an embryo?
After the germinal stage, it attaches to the uterine wall and becomes and embryo from about 37 weeks.
Embryo vs Placenta
The zygote’s inner cells become the embryo and the outer ones become the placenta
Fetal stage
After about 9 weeks, the facial features, hands, and feet form
Teratogens
Agents, such as chemicals or viruses, that can reach the embryo during development and cause harm (Ex. Alcohol)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Lifelong physical and mental abnormalities due to drinking while pregnant
Rooting reflex
The baby turns its head when the corner of its mouth is stroked
Sucking reflex
When the roof of the mouth is stroked, the baby will suck
Grasping reflex
Stroking the palm of a baby’s hand causes it to close its fingers
Startle Reflex
The baby throws back its head and extends and pulls back its arms and legs and cries when it hears a loud sound or sudden movement.
Babinski reflex
Extended toes after the sole of the foot is stroked
Habituation
Decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation
Maturation
Biological growth process, uninfluenced by experience
Sequence of development for babies
3 months - rolling over
6 months - sitting unsupported
8-9 months - crawling
12 months - beginning to walk
15 months - walking independently
Infantile Amnesia
Cannot create memories before the age of 3
Jean Piaget
Believed that children moved from stage to stage as they matured and were exposed to relevant types of experiences
Schema
Mental mold to which we pour our experiences
Assimilation
Interpreting new information in terms of an existing schema
Accommodation
Changing the existing schema to incorporate new information
Piagets stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational
Sensorimotor
Experiences the world with their 5 senses. 0-2 years old
Preoperational
Developing language and symbolic thinking. They are egocentric. 2-7 years old
Egocentric
Cannot perceive things from another’s point of view
Concrete Operational
Developing the ability to think in a more logical manner. 7-12 years old. No longer egocentric and mater the idea of conservation
Formal Operational
Abstract reasoning, they approach problems systematically
Stranger Anxiety
Fear of strangers, develops around 8 months
Authoritarian
Rigid, punitive and demand unquestioning obedience from their children. Children tend to be unsociable, unfriendly, and withdrawn
Permissive
Parents give children relaxed or inconsistent direction and require little of them. Children tend to be immature, moody, dependent, and have low self-control
Authoritative
Democratic and firm, setting limits and goals for their children, but explaining them and also letting the children have some role in making decisions and setting goals. Children tend to be likeable, reliant, and independent
Uninvolved
Show little interest in children and are emotionally detached. Children tend to feel unloved and emotionally detached
Attachment
Positive emotional bond that develops between child and individuals
Imprinting
Learning occurring at a particular age or life stage, rapid and independent of the consequences of that behavior
Harry Harlow
Monkey experiment, shows that attachment was about comfort, applies to humans
Mary Ainsworth
Experiment which measured the level of attachment with the mother by having the mother leave the room and an adult stranger enter. Found securely attached and insecurely attached children
Securely Attached
Use mom as ‘home base’, shows distress when she leaves and goes to her when she returns
Insecurely Attached - avoidant
Does not cry when mom leaves and avoids her when she returns
Insecurely Attached - ambivalent
Displays anxiety when the mom is in the room and are upset when she leaves, but when she returns they may go up to her and hit or kick her
Adolescence
Begins with puberty, sex organs mature. Affects self-image
Early vs. late maturation
Early maturing - have a more positive self-concept
Late maturing - can produce a psychological difficulty for boys and girls
Lawrence Kohlberg levels of moral development
Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
Preconventional
Performs actions based on rewards or punishment
Conventional
Interested in pleasing others and doing what is right by social laws
Postconventional
Use higher reasoning to guide behavior, many people never make it to this reasoning
Erik Erikson Ideas
Created the stages of psychosocial development
Trust vs. Mistrust
0-18 months, “Can I trust the world?”
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
18 months - 3 years, “Do I have some control over my life?”
Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6, “Am I Capable of doing things for myself”
Industry vs. Inferiority
6-11, “Am I capable of doing things socially?”, compares self to others
Identity vs. Role Confusion
12-20, “Who am I and where is my place in this world”
Intimacy vs. Isolation
20-30, “Can I love and be loved?”
Generativity vs. Stagnation
30-65, “Am I productive and giving something back to the world?”
Integrity vs. Despair
65+, “Has it all be worth it”
Midlife Transistion
One may questions their life & accomplishments, due to the idea that life will end at sometime
Emerging adulthood
Period of late teens to mid-twenties, Bridges gap between adolescence and adulthood
Menopause
Natural cessation of menstruations. Biological changes as ability to reproduce declines
Physical changes of late adulthood
Thinning and graying hair, skin wrinkling, slowed reaction time, changes in physical stamina
Activity theory of aging
People who age most successfully are those who main the interests, activates, and level of social interaction they experienced during middle adulthood
Elisabeth Kubler-Roth
Developed the five stages of grief
5 stages of grief
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
Men vs. Women (Agression)
Males are more aggressive, more support for war, murder rate is 9 to 1
Men vs. Women (Leadership)
Men are more directive, even autocratic
Women are more democratic, more welcoming of other’s input
Tend and Befriend
When coping with stress, women more than men turn to others for support
Gener Roles
Expected behaviors for males or females
Gender Identity
Person’s sense of being male or female
Gender typing
Acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role
Lev Vygotsky
Developed the zone of proximal development
Zone of proximal development
What a child can and can’t do with help
Autism
Appears in childhood is marked by deficiencies in communication and social interaction.
