Unit 8: Review Flashcards
Psychological Disorder
A syndrome marked by a clincally significant disturbannce in an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior
ADHD
A psychological disorder marked by one or more three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impylsivity.
Medical Model
The concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured
Biosychosocial approach
All behavior, whether normal or disordered, arises from the interaction of nature and nurture
DSM-5
Describes criteria for diagnosis and defines who is eligible for treatments
What makes people more susceptible to developing psychological disorders?
Factors such as family disorganization, low socioeconomic status, and poor work skills and habits
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy
Panic Disorder
A person experiences suddeen episodes of intense dread (panic attacks)
Phobias
A person is intensely annd irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation
Agoraphobia
The fear or avoidance of situations in which escape may be difficult when panic strikes
Social Anxiety Disorder
An intense fear of being scrutinized by others
OCD
Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessiions) and/or actions (compulsions)
PTSD
Characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic expereince
Posttramautic Growth
Describes those who have experienced tramatic events, but, instead of developing PTSD, they experience a positive psychological change
Learning Perspective
Anxieties are learned thorugh conditioning by being reinforced by a person avoiding or escaping a feared situation
Biological Perspective
Fears and anxieties we develop are due to our species history of learning to avoid things to aid survival
Mood disorders
Characterized by extreme emotions
Major Depressive Disorder
Where one experiences prolonged hopelessness andd lethargy
Bipolar Disorder
Alternating between depression and mania
Anxiety vs. Depression
Anxiety - response to the threat of future loss
Depression - response to past and current loss
Men vs. Women (depression)
Women are twice as likely to be depressed. Preadolescent girls and boys have the same chance of being derpressed
Biological view on depression
Mood disorders run in familes
Social-Cognitive view on depression
Depressed people view life with negative assumptions about themselves
How to relieve depression
Drugs that increase serotonion and norepinephrine, physical exercise, healthy diet
Learned Helplessness & Depression
People experienced learned helplessness after uncontrollable painful events, they feel as though everything is out of control and become depressed
Schizophrenia
Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expressions
Psychosis
Losing contact with reality. Experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Delusions
False beliefs. Ex: “I’m the king of England”
Hallucinations
Sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Usually auditory (hearing voices)
Selective attention & schizophrenia
People with schizophrenia do not have selective attention (our ability to give our undivided attention to one set of stimuli while filtering out others). Irrelevant stimuli will distract people with schizophrenia.
Flat Affect
When people with Schizophrenia go into an emotionless state
Catatonia
When people with Schizophrenia remain motionless for hours and then become agitated
Positive vs. Negative symptoms
Positive - presence of inapproapriate behaviors (hallucinations)
Negative - absence of appropriate behaviors (having no emotions)
Brains & Schizphrenia
People with Schiz
Brains & Schizphrenia
People with Schizophrenia have excess receptors for dopamine, which explains positive symptoms. Also abnormal acitivity in multiple brain areas
Pregnancy & Schizophrenia
A mid preganacy viral infection increases the baby’s chance of having schizophrenia
Somatic Symptom Disorder
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take bodily form without apparent physical cause
Conversion Disorder
A disorder in which a person experiences a specific genuine physical symptom but no physiological basis can be found
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Person interprets normal physical senstations as symptoms of a disease
Dissociative Disorders
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, or feelings
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder - starvation diet is maintained despite being 15% or more underweight
Avoidant Personaility Disorder
Having chronic feelings of inadequacy and are highly sensitive to being nnegatively judged by others
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Consistent pattern of detachment from and general disinterest in social relationships
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Unreasonably high sense of your own importance
Antisocial Personality Disorder
(Sociopath) Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members
Psychologists who pushed for humane treatment
Philippe Pinel
Dorothea Dix
Psychoanalysis
Focuses on the unconcious using free association
Insight Therapy
Aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
Client-Centered Therapy
Therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine accepting, empathetic evionrmen
Behavior Therapy
Believes that problem behaviors are THE problem, and look to fix them and not look into the deeper meaning - uses counterconditioning
Aversive conditioning
A type of counterconditioning - associates an unpleasent state with unwanted behavior
Cognitive Therapy
Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking
REBT
Rational-emotive behavior therapy - confrontational therapy that vigorously challenges peoples self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
ECT
Sends a brief electric current through the brain of a severely depressed paitent
rTMS
Repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain. The paitent is awake
Carl Rodgers
Person-centered therapy (a form of humanistic therapy). Unconditional positive regard
Joseph Wolpe
Systematic Desensitization
Aaron Beck
Suggested that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy
