Unit 9 (developmental psychology)

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Question 2

zygote

Answer 2

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Question 3

embryo

Answer 3

the developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

Question 4

fetus

Answer 4

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Question 5

teratogens

Answer 5

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that canreach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Question 6

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 6

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

Question 7

habituation

Answer 7

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Question 8

maturation

Answer 8

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Question 9

cognition

Answer 9

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 10

schema

Answer 10

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 11

assimilation

Answer 11

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Question 12

sensorimotor stage

Answer 12

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Question 13

object permanence

Answer 13

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Question 14

preoperational stage

Answer 14

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Question 15

conservation

Answer 15

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Question 16

egocentrism

Answer 16

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Question 17

theory of mind

Answer 17

people’s idea about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Question 18

concrete operational stage

Answer 18

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Question 19

formal operational stage

Answer 19

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Question 20

autism

Answer 20

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

Question 21

stranger anxiety

Answer 21

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Question 22

attachment

Answer 22

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Question 23

critical period

Answer 23

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Question 24

imprinting

Answer 24

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Question 25

temperament

Answer 25

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Question 26

basic trust

Answer 26

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Question 27

self-concept

Answer 27

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

Question 28

gender

Answer 28

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

Question 29

aggression

Answer 29

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

Question 30

x chromosome

Answer 30

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. females have two x chromosomes; males have one. An x chromosome from each parent produces a female child

Question 31

y chromosomey chromosome

Answer 31

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an x chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

Question 32

testosterone

Answer 32

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Question 33

role

Answer 33

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Question 34

gender role

Answer 34

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

Question 35

gender identity

Answer 35

our sense of being male or female

Question 36

gender typing

Answer 36

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Question 37

social learning theory

Answer 37

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Question 38

adolescence

Answer 38

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Question 39

puberty

Answer 39

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Question 40

primary sex characteristics

Answer 40

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

Question 41

secondary characteristics

Answer 41

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Question 42

menarche

Answer 42

the first menstrual period

Question 43

identity

Answer 43

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Question 44

social identity

Answer 44

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

Question 45

intimacy

Answer 45

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Question 46

emerging adulthood

Answer 46

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

Question 47

menopause

Answer 47

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Question 48

cross-sectional study

Answer 48

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another at a single point in time

Question 49

longitudinal study

Answer 49

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period crystallized intelligence

Question 50

crystallized intelligence

Answer 50

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Question 51

fluid intelligence

Answer 51

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Question 52

social clock

Answer 52

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement