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AP Psychology > Unit 6 (learning) > Flashcards

Unit 6 (learning) Flashcards

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1
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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2
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control your own fate

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3
Q

habituation

A

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

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4
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more different stimuli and anticipate the same event

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5
Q

acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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7
Q

operant chamber

A

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

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8
Q

reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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9
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

a cue or signal that reinforces a behavior (ex- green light, “sit”)

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10
Q

positive reinforcement

A

addition of stimulus

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11
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of stimulus

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12
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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13
Q

conditioned reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer (ex-money)

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14
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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15
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

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16
Q

positive punishment

A

administer an aversive stimulus (ie. parking ticket)

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17
Q

negative punishment

A

withdraw a rewarding stimulus (ie. revoke library cards, take away teen’s driving priveleges)

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18
Q

biofeedback

A

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

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19
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that is shaped due to consequences

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20
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

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21
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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22
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

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23
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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24
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

25
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

26
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

27
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)

28
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response (UR).

29
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

30
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

31
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new second neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone.

32
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

33
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

34
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

35
Q

discrimination

A

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

36
Q

operant conditioning

A

behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences that follow it.

37
Q

shaping

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

38
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

39
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

40
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

41
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

42
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

43
Q

punishment

A

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

44
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus (ex- flinching)

45
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it (ex-studying)

46
Q

insight

A

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

47
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

48
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

49
Q

Coping

A

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

50
Q

Modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

51
Q

problem-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

52
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

53
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

54
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

55
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others; also called social learning

56
Q

mirror neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

57
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

58
Q

cofounding variable

A

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment (ex- amount of sleep)

59
Q

Classical conditioning versus Operant conditioning

A

classical conditioning= learning through association (pavlov’s dog experiment)

operant conditioning= learning through consequences

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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