Unit 12 (abnormal psychology) Flashcards
psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder (can be known at age 7)
key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
DSM-5
the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition:
A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
anxiety disorders
persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
panic disorder
unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest paint, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Often followed by worry over a possible next attack
phobia
persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
Social anxiety disorder
intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such
agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbers of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
psychopathology
patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable for those who are affected or for those with whom they come in contact
impaired functioning
difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected family, social, and work-related roles
biopsychosocial model
a view of mental disorders as caused by a combination of interacting biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
neurobiological model
a modern name for the medical model, in which psychological disorders are seen as reflecting disturbances in the anatomy and chemistry of the brain and in other biological processes
psychological model
a view in which mental disorder is seen as arising from psychological processes
sociocultural model
a way of looking at mental disorders in relation to gender, age, ethnicity, and other social and cultural factors
anxiety disorder
a condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are long-standing and disruptive
phobia
an anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fear of an object or situation that does not objectively justify such a reaction
specific phobia
an anxiety disorder involving fear and avoidance of heights, animals, and other specific stimuli and situations
somatoform disorders
psychological problems in which there are symptoms of a physical disorder without a physical cause
conversion disorder
a somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause
Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondria)
a somatoform disorder involving strong, unjustified fear of physical illness
somatization disorder
somatoform disorders in which there are numerous physical complaints without verifiable physical illness
pain disorder
a somatoform disorder marked by complaints of sever pain with no physical cause
dissociative disorders
rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person’s memory, consciousness, or identity
dissociative fugue
a dissociative disorder involving sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new locale
dissociative amnesia
a dissociative disorder marked by a sudden loss of memory
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a dissociative disorder in which a person reports having more than one identity; also called multiple personality disorder
mood disorder
conditions in which a person experiences extreme moods, such as depression or mania; also called affective disorder
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months
delusions
false beliefs, such as those experienced by people suffering from schizophrenia or extreme depression
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
a mood disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least 1-2 years
bipolar I disorder
a mood disorder in which a person alternates between deep depression and mania; also called manic depression
bipolar II disorder
a mood disorder in which a person alternates between major depressive episodes and hypomania episodes
hypomania
less severe manic phases
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
during months of shorter daylight, patients experience severe depression, accompanied by irritability and excessive sleeping
schizophrenia
a severe and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking emotion, perception, and behavior
hallucinations
a symptom of disorder in which people perceive voices or other stimuli when there are no stimuli present
positive symptoms
Additions to normal functioning schizophrenic symptoms such as disorganized thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions
negative symptoms
Lack of functioning schizophrenic symptoms such as absence of pleasure, lack of speech, and flat effect
paranoid schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia characterized by delusions (of persecution or grandeur or jealousy); symptoms may include anger and anxiety and aloofness and doubts about gender identity; unlike other types of schizophrenia the patients are usually presentable and (if delusions are not acted on) may function in an apparently normal manner
disorganized schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior; usually becomes evident during puberty; the most common diagnostic category in mental institutions
catatonic schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods; the catatonia may give way to short periods of extreme excitement
undifferentiated schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia characterized by having positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia but do not meet the specific criteria for the paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic subtypes
personality disorders
long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that create a variety of problems
paranoid personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by suspiciousness and distrust of others, all of whom are assumed to be hostile
schizoid personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by detachment(split) from social relationships; restricted range of emotion
schizotypal personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by detachment from, and great discomfort in, social relationships; odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors
dependent personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by helplessness; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control
avoidant personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism
histrionic personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior
narcissistic personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance
borderline personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by shameless disregard for, and violation of, other people’s rights
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
patients diagnosed with this disorder are impulsive and unable to concentrate on an activity as well as other children their age can
substance-related disorders
the use of psychoactive drugs for months or years in ways that harm the user or others
addiction
development of a physical need for a psychoactive drug; also called physiological dependence
alcoholism
a pattern of drinking that may lead to addiction and almost always causes severe social, physical, and other problems
DSM-V
Resource for diagnosing disorders
Philippe Pinel
In 1795 Pinel assumed the responsibility for the mental patients at l’Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, where he continued his policy of nonrestraint and brought about many significant and far-reaching reforms in the care and treatment of mental patients. Humane treatment under the watchful eye of trained and compassionate personnel in the institution made possible the recovery of many otherwise doomed patients. Pinel also introduced the practice of keeping case histories, which proved a valuable source of information in later efforts to understand insanity.
David Rosenhan
Rosenhan believed that there are seven main features of abnormality: Suffering; maladaptiveness; vividness and unconventionality; unpredictability and loss of control; irrationality and incomprehensibility; observer discomfort; and violation of moral and ideal standards.
Anorexia Nervosa (AN)
an eating disorder characterized by an inability to maintain normal weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body perception
Bulima Nervosa (BN)
An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating, usually of high-calorie foods with purging by vomiting or laxative use excessive exercise, or fasting.
Binge-eating Disorder
Significant Binge eating episodes followed by distress, disgust, or guilt but without the purging of Bulimia or the fasting of Anorexia
