Unit 8 (motivation and emotion)

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Question 2

Instinct

Answer 2

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Question 3

Drive-reduction Theory

Answer 3

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Question 4

Homeostasis

Answer 4

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Question 5

Incentive

Answer 5

a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior.

Question 6

Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 6

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Question 7

Glucose

Answer 7

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Question 8

Set Point

Answer 8

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to
restore the lost weight.

Question 9

Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 9

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Question 10

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 10

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Question 11

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 11

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Question 12

Binge-eating Disorder

Answer 12

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

Question 13

Sexual Response Cycle

Answer 13

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 14

Refractory Period

Answer 14

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Question 15

Estrogens

Answer 15

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Question 16

Testosterone

Answer 16

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 17

Sexual Orientation

Answer 17

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).

Question 18

Emotion

Answer 18

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

Question 19

James-Lange Theory

Answer 19

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses
to emotion-arousing stimuli

emotions come from stimuli

Question 20

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 20

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological
responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

a stimulus triggers a 1 response (sweating, palpatations) and 2 an emotion at the same time

Question 21

Two-factor Theory

Answer 21

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Question 22

Polygraph

Answer 22

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

Question 23

Facial Feedback

Answer 23

the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.

Question 24

Catharsis

Answer 24

emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Question 25

Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon

Answer 25

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

Question 26

Well-being

Answer 26

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of
life.

Question 27

Adaption-level Phenomenon

Answer 27

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Question 28

Relative Deprivation

Answer 28

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

Question 29

Behavioral Medicine

Answer 29

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease.

Question 30

Health Psychology

Answer 30

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

Question 31

Stress

Answer 31

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Question 32

General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 32

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Question 33

Coronary Heart Disease

Answer 33

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

Question 34

Type A

Answer 34

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Question 35

Type B

Answer 35

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Question 36

Psychophysiological Illness

Answer 36

literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Question 37

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Answer 37

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Question 38

Lymphocytes

Answer 38

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.