AP test review Flashcards
1
Q
Animism
A
the belief that natural phenomena or inanimate objects are alive or possess lifelike characteristics
2
Q
Congruence between self-systems
A
The alignment of various aspects of an individual’s personality, beliefs, values, and behaviors
3
Q
Self-efficiency
A
an individual’s confidence in their ability to complete a task or achieve a goal.
4
Q
Drive-reduction theory
A
How our physiological needs motivate our behavior
5
Q
proactive interference
A
previously learned information interferes with the ability to recall or learn new information
Old info interferes with New info
6
Q
the serial position effect
A
The tendency to remember the first and last items in a series
7
Q
Mcgurk effect
A
This can lead to the perception that the person’s lip movements do not align with the spoken words
8
Q
Stroop effect
A
psychological phenomenon demonstrating interference in reaction time of a task.
the name of a color is printed in a color not denoted by the name
9
Q
Assimilation
A
the process of incorporating new info into existing schemas
10
Q
Histrionic personality disorder
A
Being dramatic and seeking attention
11
Q
Schizotypal personality disorder
A
a condition that affects social and emotional functioning
involves odd beliefs, magical thinking, and social withdrawal
12
Q
Deindividuation
A
The loss of personal identity and responsibility as a result of being in a crowd of people
13
Q
cognitive dissonance
A
the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.
14
Q
Thats’ not all phenomenon
A
a sequential request strategy in which an offer is improved before the message receiver responds.
15
Q
biopsychosocial
A
approach to mental health looks at the way both internal and external factors influence our mental state.
16
Q
After an interview, the doctor decides a good treatment is systemic desensitization. What is the diagnosis?
a) conversion disorder
b)OCD
c) specific phobia
d) schizophrenia
e) generalized anxiety disorder
A
c) specific phobia
17
Q
Danny pushes Judy so he can steal her dessert
a) frustration-aggression hypothesis
b) excitation of transfer
c) hostile aggression
d) instrumental aggression
e) social learning theory
A
d) instrumental aggression
18
Q
Excitation of transfer
A
Any form of emotional arousal can enhance anger & create more aggressive responses
19
Q
Hostile aggression
A
Triggered by anger, the goal of which is to cause injury or death to the victim and is often impulsive and irrational (assault).
19
Q
Instrumental aggression
A
a form of aggression where the primary aim is not to inflict pain on the victim but to reach some other goal
19
Q
2 people listen to a song. 1st person can distinguish various instruments. 2 can’t
A
1 has a better discriminating timbre than 1
19
Q
Discriminating timbre
A
distinguishes sounds of equal pitch, loudness and duration.
19
Q
synesthesia
A
where a sense (ex-smell) triggers experiences in another sense (ex-sight)
20
Q
ideasthesia
A
Something activates an idea
21
chromesthesia
hearing a sound leads to perception of colors
22
What does availability heuristic help you do
make decisions quickly by using 1st information that comes to mind (test)
23
External validity
How well the findings of a study can be considered representative of the real world
24
What is accommodation?
Accommodation is the process of adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information.
25
Who developed the concepts of assimilation and accommodation?
Piaget
26
What are assimilation and accommodation related to?
related to the idea of schemas, which are established patterns used to organize knowledge.
27
systemic desensitization
Getting someone to associate their fear with relaxation, this is done by gradually working their way up to the fear and re-learning.
28
Client-centered therapy is a type of ____ therapy.
humanistic
29
A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anomalies or to problems in the physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality
biomedical
30
A research design involves 2 randomly assigned groups of participants. One group receives a one-time treatment, and the other does not. Later, the 2 groups are compared to see whether the treatment has an effect. Psychologists call this kind of research
an experiment
31
correlational study
The researcher collects data to determine whether and to what degree a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables.
32
Correlation does not mean causation
rain and umbrellas are correlated but just because it rains doesnt cause an umbrella
33
The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the
medulla
34
what is the function of the limbic system?
coordinates behaviors needed to satisfy motivational and emotional urges arising in the hypothalamus
-also involved in memory
35
what are some other strucutres within the limbic system?
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, pituitiary gland, hypothalamus
36
hypothalamus function
controls hunger, thirst and temperature control
37
thalamus function
relay center for sensory information (everything BUT smell)
38
which of the following would an industrial organizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study
a)managerial skills
b)employee motivation
c) job satisfaction
d) corporate profitability
e) pay incentive programs
job satisfaction
39
obedience
An action performed in response to authority
40
A stereotype is defined as which of the following
a generalization about a social group
41
Rafael has a sleep disorder and takes amphetamines. what is her diagnosis
Narcolepsy
42
Somnambulism
sleep walking
43
Meds for insomnia
melatonin pills like diphenhydramine of zolpidem or eszopiclone
44
The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its
frequency
45
Balance is influenced by the
semicircular canal
46
Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is
innate
47
a stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms
projection
48
Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys suggest which of the following as most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers
The tactile characteristics of the mother
49
Visual acuity is best in the
a)lens
b)iris
c)pupil
d)fovea
e)cornea
fovea
50
people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the
hippocampus (amnesia=memory loss)
51
in treating patient with depression the doctor focuses on changing the ways in which the patient interprets events. Which type of therapy is he using
cognitive
52
Community psychologists intervene at the primary level when they
design prevention programs for potential problems before the problems actually occur
53
Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the immune system's ability to ward off illness
a) exposure to stress associated with final exams week
b) having a serious argument with a close friend
c) experiencing the death of a loved one
d) being around someone who has a serious case of the flu
e) suffering sleep deprivation due to staying up for several nights writing a research paper
Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu
54
Objective Test
A tests that consists only of specific answer choices from which the client chooses.
55
Projective Test
A test in which the subject is asked to respond to some ambiguous stimulus.
56
The best known and most frequently used personality test.
MMPI
57
Myers-Briggs
An objective test that is more useful for looking at personality in the normal range.
58
Rorschach Test
A projective test that is particularly useful for detecting the types of disordered thought patterns seen in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
59
Creator of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Henry Murray
60
The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they
Reveal the subjects personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli
61
Subliminal suggestion
messages or ideas that are perceived right below (sub) the threshold
62
ur friend walks away from you, your retinal image of him gets smaller but you do not perceive him to be shrinking.
size constancy
63
correct sequence of neural chain
receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors
64
a study can be regarded as scientific only if
a) it uses placebo
b) accepted by experts
c) consistent with established theories
d) conclusions based on correlational data
e) conclusions are verified or refuted by subsequent studies
its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies
65
when infant is touched on the cheek and turns toward the source of stimulation
rooting
66
people with type A personality have an increased risk for
cardiovasular disease
67
Rational-emotive behavior therapy assumes that abnormal functioning results from what
unreasonable beliefs or assumptions
68
id, ego, superego
id- pleasure
ego- reality
superego- morals
69
The correlation between 2 measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a
scatterplot
70
habituation
repeated exposures to a stimulus
71
Gestalt principal
Organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object(figure) against a less prominent background(ground)\
(picture of 2 heads or cup)
72
Research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that
many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information
73
they did an experiment to test out a new study method, but the results were not significantly different
there is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance
74
a student's test score of 86 is at the 42nd percentile. that means
scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students
75
Carol Gilligan's critique of Lawrence Kohlbergs stages of moral development focuses primarily on
differences between males and females in the course of moral development
76
for extinction to occur what the the pattern that must occur
The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS and the CR loses strength
77
Lithium carbonate has been useful in some instances in the treatment of
bipolar disorder
78
John B Watson is founder of
behaviorism
79
René Descartes is the founder of
rationalism
79
William James is the founder of
functionalism
79
Wilhelm Wundt is the founder of
structuralism
79
photoreceptors relay visual info to the brain through what calls
bipolar and ganglion
79
Robert Rescorlas contingency model of classical conditioning states that
conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another
79
Content validity
The extent to which test items sample the content that they are supposed to measure
80
what is the best evidence that emotions are innate
emotions and expressed in similar ways by people from diverse cultures
80
Predictive validity
an index of the degree to which a test score predicts some criterion, or outcome, measure in the future
80
in studying the behavior of 5 year olds in free play situations, a psychologist would be most interested in
problem-solving strategies
81
a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of what in his toddler years
social comepetence
82
training in the construction of an anxiety hierarchy and in relaxation techniques is likely to be part of the treatment for what
specific phobia
83
The halo effect
transferring the most visual/obvious impression rating to other qualities. for example soldiers that were handsome were highly rated by superiors in all areas.
(pretty privilege)
84
self efficiency
a person's belief in their own ability to complete a task or a goal
85
Alicia is starting a new and different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required to her. How would u refer to her confidence as
self-efficancy
86
stanley schachter and jerome singer view emotion as resulting from
cognitive labels of physiological changes
87
The tendency to believe that another person's behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors is called
the fundamental attribution error
88
describe a dependent variable
some aspects of a participant's response that is measured in an experiment
89
describe a control variable
some characteristic of research participants that is constant, such as gender
90
describe independent variable
a factor that is manipulated by the experimenter in order to observe its effects on some other factors
91
the sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called
action potential
92
a technique that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary such as BP
biofeedback
93
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide info about what
clinical disorders
94
which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction
variable ratio
95
the idea that just bc the size changed doesn't meant the volume changed
conservation
95
a person diagnosed as having somatoform disorder would be most likely to show
a biologically unfounded loss of bodily functioning
95
the correlation between scores obtained on 2 halves of a single test yields information about the tests
a) reliability
b)validity
relaiability
95
cognitive dissonance theory
the distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person's two beliefs or a belief and an action
96
to score high on a test of creativity, their answers should be
original and valuable
96
it belongs to human nature to hate those you have ingured
cognitive dissonance theory
96
sematic memory
the long term storage of facts and form of declarative memory
97
Alicia has a condition in which tiny crystals break loose and randomly touch and bend the hair cells in her semicircular canals. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this condition?
Dizziness and loss of balance
98
To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a
damage to the cerebellum
99
Which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors
Cerebellum
100
Dizziness is most closely associated with which of the following senses?
vestibular
101
Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided.
gate control theory
102
Systematic desensitization is based on the idea that ____.
one cannot be anxious and relaxed at the same time
103
Client-centered therapy is a type of ____ therapy.
humanistic
104
The goal of rational-emotive therapy is to ____.
identify and change irrational beliefs
105
Aversion therapy involves ____.
pairing an unpleasant stimulus with the behavior that you want to change
106
In family therapy, ____.
the identified patient is often seen as the scapegoat for the larger problems in the family.
107
Scapegoat
a person who gets blamed for the actions of someone else.
108
external locus of control
the act of saying or believing that somebody is responsible for doing something
(bad grade is bc teacher teaches bad)
109
when something is good you take credit for it and when its bad you dont
self serving bias
110
sara had an argument with a co-worker and he showed up in her dreams
manifest content
111
latent content
the hidden meaning of a dream
112
manifest content
Literal content and storyline of the dream
113
The most frequently prescribed antidepressants are ____.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
114
hypnagogic hallucinations
are episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucination when you are falling asleep or waking up
115
electroconvulsive therapy
procedure that uses electric currents to trigger a seizure in the brain and improve symptoms of certain mental health conditions.
116
major depressive disorder is treated with medication, what treatment approach is this
biomedical
117
gambler's fallacy
the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently
118
thematic apperception test
(TAT personality test) PROJECTIVE TEST
119
comparing income and disorders
sociocultural
120
which theorist suggested intelligence can be classified into general and specific intelligence factors
charles spearman
121
Hermann Ebbinghaus
memorized and later recalled hundreds of nonsense syllables to document memory decay
122
major depressive disorder
a) dopamine
b) serotonin
serotonin
123
beth got a hemispherectomy at 7 and still has the same IQ
neuroplasticity
124
A: O O O O
B: O O O O
conservation
125
A certain drug reduces the activity of the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. It affects several neurotransmitters, most notably gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Which of the following is most like the drug in question?
alcohol
126
Sally says that her dream about going to a circus is just her brain attempting to make sense of random stimulation from the brain stem. Sally's explanation is consistent with which of the following theories of dreaming?
activation-synthesis
127
The validity of hypnosis as a treatment for psychiatric disorders is most directly threatened by
the lack of empirical support for its efficacy
128
Which of the following are involved in regulating circadian rhythms?
Photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal gland
129
A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is
reduced inhibition
130
reduced inhibition
decreased ability to control impulses or behaviors
131
Little Andrea has just learned that robins are birds. She now sees a sparrow, points to it, and calls out "Bird!" According to Jean Piaget, Andrea is showing the cognitive process of
assimilation
132
Which of the following terms is used to describe an infant's individual style of interacting with the world?
temperament
133
Negative Reinforcement
when responding increases as a result of stimulus termination (ending it)
134
Positive reinforcement
encouraging a behavior
135
Suzie screamed at her little brother, and her mother yelled, "We do not yell in this house!" Suzie continues to yell at her brother despite her mother reprimanding her. Suzie's behavior is best explained by
observational learning
136
intermittent reinforcement
The response is reinforced only part of the time.
137
The psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave's
frequency
138
Which of the following is true regarding visual information processing?
Bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells that form the optic nerve.
139
Which of the following statements about the perception of taste is true?
Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food.
140
Which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision?
Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve
141
lack of serotonin
major depressive disorder
142
lack of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
143
too much dopamine
schizophrenia
144
After arguing with her husband over dinner, Sue developed a stomachache. This was probably because her ___________________________.
A. endocrine system sent out too many hormones to her stomach
B. sympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument
C. central nervous system signaled for too much acid to be produced in her stomach
D. parasympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument
B. sympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument
145
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.
depression
146
A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.
be twice as strong
last twice as long
undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration
travel twice as fast down the axon
undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration
147
________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.
acetylcholine
beta-endorphin
GABA
norepinephrine
beta-endorphin
148
Epinephrine
Increases blood pressure by increasing heart rate and blood flow.
149
GABA
slows down signals.
is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that also plays a role in muscle tone.
150
What type of medication alters GABA receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) to produce a calming/relaxing effect to reduce anxiety-related symptoms?
Benzodiazepines
151
If the question has the word "hypothesis"
then X out the answers that say "he found..."
152
Operationally defined
to MEASURE a concept that is generally not directly observable
153
the process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by
operational definition
154
Near-death experiences are
often accompanied by visions of bright lights
155
learning involves
a) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
b) acquiring knowledge that can be recalled explicitly or implicitly
a
156
explicit or implicit recall
explicit- use brain hard to remember
implicit- use brain effortlessly to remember
157
The inability to remember how Lincolns head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in
encoding
158
heuristics are related to
intuition
159
heuristics example
chicken restaurants more than Mexican restaurants
seeing something more so u think its more common
160
in one experiment, white people took longer to identify words such as peace and paradise as "good" when the words were associated with black-sounding names rather than white-sounding names
a) the other-race effect
b) implicit racial associations
implicit racial associations
161
mirror-image perception
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and the other side as evil and aggressive
162
Which of the following psychologists would have been likely to say, “I do not care about the unconscious or hidden motives—I want to study behavior directly”?
John Watson
163
Müller-Lyer illusion
where two lines of the same length appear as if they are different lengths.
164
People who live in environments with buildings with square corners and right angles are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion than are people who live in environments without such angles and corners. The difference in perception between the two groups of people reveals that
people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives
165
Question
Research in the field of positive psychology is most supportive of which of the following conclusions?
An external locus of control results in higher levels of optimism.
An internal locus of control lowers immune system functioning.
Locus of control is not an important factor in health and well-being.
Perception of control is determined by situational factors.
Perception of control is related to a sense of well-being.
Perception of control is related to a sense of well-being.
166
The limbic system is most closely associated with
emotions
167
Positive versus negative symptoms
“Positive” symptoms refer to characteristics that are added to someone’s state of being. “Negative” symptoms, in contrast, are characteristics that are removed from the person’s state of being.
168
A therapist uses systematic desensitization to treat a client with a phobia. Which of the following treatment approaches can best explain the fundamental components underlying this technique?
Behavioral
169
A research group involved with advertising is conducting a study to investigate whether shoppers are more likely to engage in impulse buying at the checkout than at any other place in the store. For the results of the study to be generalizable, the researchers should
use a representative sample
use a small convenience sample
depend on self-report surveys
create a double-blind procedure
conduct an experiment
use a representative sample
170
The pituitary gland is controlled by the
hypothalamus
171
Question
When Cory is given a logic problem to solve, he systematically tries every possible solution until he finds the correct answer. Cory’s strategy is to use
an algorithm
172
Multiple personality is a type of
a. Dissociative disorder
b. Schizophrenia
c. Dementia praecox
d. Bipolar disorder
e. Manic-depressive psychosis
a. Dissociative disorder
173
Electroconvulsive therapy has been most successful in the treatment of
Clinical depression
174
Matthew learned to play the violin at a very early age. He is able to play several songs from memory, but he does not remember learning to play them. Matthew’s ability to play the violin depends on which of the following types of memory?
Episodic
Short-term
Sensory
Semantic
Procedural
procedural
175
Attribution
explaining the cause for a behavior
176
While reviewing scores from a chapter test, a teacher discovered that the mean score was higher than the median. Which of the following statements is most likely correct?
Responses
The range of the set of scores is the difference between the mean and the median.
The standard deviation is equal to the mean.
The distribution of scores for the test is normal.
The distribution of scores for the test is positively skewed.
The distribution of scores is multimodal.
The distribution of scores for the test is positively skewed.
177
Many people who have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder find their symptoms are reduced when they take a medication that alters their serotonin or norepinephrine levels. Their outcome supports which of the following approaches to depression?
Biological
178
The original dopamine hypothesis refers to the view that schizophrenia is at least partially caused by
too much dopamine in the brain
too much dopamine in the spinal cord
too little dopamine in the brain
too little dopamine in the spinal cord
too little dopamine in the peripheral nervous system
too much dopamine in the brain
179
activation-synthesis
brains attempt to make sense of neural impulses
180
Conversion disorder
mental health condition that causes physical symptoms
181
The Big Five personality factors are based in which psychological perspective?
Trait psychology
182
What type of theorist is most likely to assess people’s personalities by having them draw pictures, in the hope that the drawings will reveal underlying personality characteristics?
Psychoanalytic
Behavioral
Humanistic
Cognitive
Social cognitive
Psychoanalytic
183
Which of the following types of therapy focuses on changing a behavior by changing maladaptive thinking?
Biological
Behavioral
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Cognitive
cognitive
184
The theorist who conducted pioneering research on latent learning and cognitive maps was
Edward Tolman
185
Agoraphobia
a fear of open spaces and a fear of being trapped or helpless
