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AP Psychology > Unit 4 (sensations and perceptions) > Flashcards

Unit 4 (sensations and perceptions) Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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3
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

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4
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

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5
Q

Selective Attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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6
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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7
Q

Change Blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment

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8
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies (such as sights, sounds, and smells) into neural impulses that our brains can interpret

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9
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (such as their intensity) and our psychological experience of them

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10
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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11
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on the person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

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12
Q

Subliminal

A

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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13
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perceptions, memory, or response

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14
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.

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15
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount)

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16
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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17
Q

Perceptual Set

A

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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18
Q

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

A

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

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19
Q

Parapsychology

A

The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.

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20
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next (varying from short blips of comic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission)

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21
Q

Hue

A

vThe dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green and so forth

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22
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude

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23
Q

Pupil

A

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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24
Q

Iris

A

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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25
Q

Lens

A

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus the images on the retina

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26
Q

Retina

A

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

27
Q

Accomodation

A

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

28
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond

29
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; they detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

30
Q

Optic Nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

31
Q

Blind Spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating this because no receptor cells are located there

32
Q

Fovea

A

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

33
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

34
Q

Parallel Processing

A

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. This is different from the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

35
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors — one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue — which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

36
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

37
Q

Gestalt

A

An organized whole. These psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

38
Q

Figure-Ground

A

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

39
Q

Grouping

A

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

40
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to see objects in three dimensions, even though the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

41
Q

Visual Cliff

A

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

42
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of the two eyes

43
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance – the greater the difference between the two images, the closer the object

44
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

45
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

46
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change

47
Q

Color Constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

48
Q

Perceptual Adaptation

A

In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

49
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

50
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (usually per second)

51
Q

Pitch

A

A tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

52
Q

Middle Ear

A

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

53
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through this trigger nerve impulses

54
Q

Inner Ear

A

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

55
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness

56
Q

Conduction Hearing Loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

57
Q

Cochlea Implant

A

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

58
Q

Place Theory

A

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

59
Q

Frequency Theory

A

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

60
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

61
Q

Kinesthesia

A

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

62
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

63
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

64
Q

Embodied Cognition

A

in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states of cognitive preferences and judgments.

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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