Unit 8: Biodiversity, Bacteria Kingdoms (8.3) Flashcards
Prokaryotes (Bacteria) are the _______ organisms and most ________ organisms on the planet.
oldest, adaptive
Examples of famous bacteria
Plague, TB, Cholera, Botulinum, and Anthrax.
Are most bacteria harmful?
No
Bacteria are essential for life to exist. They are involved in nutrient recycling – they are __________.
decomposers
Two domains of bacteria
Bacteria (common) and Archaea (extremophiles)
The genetic difference (between domains) is located in the small subunit of the _________’s RNA sequence.
ribosome (because all cells have ribosomes but not organelles)
All prokaryotes are ____cellular.
uni
The Three basic shapes of prokaryotes
Cocci (Means “round”.)
Bacilli (Means “rod”.)
Helical (Means “spiral”.)
Round prokaryote
Cocci
Rod prokaryote
Bacilli
Spiral prokaryote
Helical
Most prokaryotes will have a ______ ______. (This is not the same as a plant’s cell wall.)
cell wall
What is the cell wall primarily for?
protection
It also helps prevent the prokaryotes from bursting in an _______ environment. (The cell is _______ to water.)
aquatic, hypertonic
The cell wall is mainly composed of proteins and sugars. (These are called _________.)
peptidoglycans
Scientists perform a _____ staining for easy, fast identification of most bacteria.
Gram
(stain blue) (They possess a thick peptidoglycan layer.)
Gram +
(stain Red) (These posses a thin peptidoglycan layer between phospholipids layers.)
Gram -
are more dangerous to humans and are usually resistant to antibiotics.
Gram -
Some bacteria produce a _______ that covers the cell wall. The ________ is a sticky substance for adherence to surfaces. This capsule material is what actually makes people sick; not the bacteria.
capsule, capsule
Some prokaryotes have _______, or cilia/fimbraie, or a ______ body shape for movement.
flagella, helix
Some prokaryotes can move by “________”. (“Spitting” out a layer of mucous in front of them to slide on.)
sliming
refers to movement in response to a stimulus. (These terms could be used with any organism.)
Taxis
() indicates movement “toward”; () indicates movement “away”.
+, -
The ________ tells the type of stimulus. (photo-light; geo-gravity; rheo-current; chemo-chemical)
prefix
A prokaryote genome is about _/_____th the amount of a Eukaryotic cell genome.
1/1000
It consists of a single circular strand located in the _______ region. (It is not linear, like in Eukaryotes.)
nucleoid
The Domain _______ have histones to help DNA coil up; the Domain Bacteria do not have histones.
Archaea
Prokaryotes also have _______ for exchanging. (Most plasmids contain resistance information.)
plasmids
Bacterial reproduction is accomplished by the process of _______ ________ to create clones. (It is asexual reproduction.) It is like Mitosis, except there is no G2 phase or Mitosis phases… just G1, S, and cytokinesis.
Binary Fission
The eating of dead material. (These are decomposers.)
Saprobes
These harm other organisms.
Parasites
Feeding on Ammonia– NH3 make Ammonium – NH4.
Nitrogen Fixation
Feeding on Ammonium and producing Nitrite – NO2 as waste OR feeding on NO2 and producing Nitrate – NO3 as waste.
Nitrification
Using sunlight energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar.
Photosynthesis
Using Hydrogen Sulfide – H2S for energy instead of sunlight energy in making sugars.
Chemosynthesis
Feeding on another organism.
Heterotroph
These must intake oxygen to utilize their primary source of energy.
Obligate Aerobes
These organisms can be both. They can “function” with or without oxygen.
Facultative Anaerobes
These must be without oxygen. (They die in the presence of oxygen.)
Obligate Anaerobes
Produce Methane gas – CH4. These are mainly associated with ruminants. (Animals with a rumen as part of the “stomach”.), Swamps, waste disposal, and trash dumps also produce methane. You have them too… living in your large intestine. These are the organisms that cause us to release gas or “fart’.
Methanogens
These are salt lovers. (“halo” means “salt”; “phile” means “lover of”.) These bacteria are associated with places like the Dead Sea in Israel or Great Salt Lakes of Utah.
Halophiles
These are heat lovers. (These bacteria are found in hot springs or volcanoes.)
Thermophiles
Ecological Impact of Bacteria (2)
- They are important recyclers of nutrients. (They are decomposers/saprobes.)
- Some can perform Nitrogen Fixation that makes Nitrogen available for plants -> animals eat the plants.
(+;+) Both organisms benefit.) (For example, E. Coli in the intestines of most animals. They help with reabsorbing water from the process of digestion.)
Mutualism
(+; 0) Only one organism benefits) (These are rare.)
Commensalism
( - ; +) One organism is harmed and the other organism benefits.) (For example, Strep Throat in humans.)
Parasitism
Disease causing
Pathogenic
These prokaryotes account for more than half of all non- genetic diseases in humans.
Pathogenic Bacteria
become a problem when the body is busy fighting something else, such as a cold virus. (They see an opportunity to reproduce and take over.)
Opportunists
These are secreted proteins that cause disease. (These are mostly Gram + bacteria.)
Exotoxins
Proteins of the capsule/membrane/cell wall. (These are mostly Gram – bacteria.)
Endotoxins
These are substances that kill bacteria. (They usually end with “mycin”.) (The name means “substance against life”.)
Antibiotics
This term refers to cleaning up the environment using living organisms.
Bioremediation
