Mini test 2 study guide (part 2) Flashcards
What are some adaptations for living in a drier and cooler environment?
A reduced gametophyte generation (a single cell) Reduced size of leaves Thick, waxy cuticle on leaves The leaves remain all year Thick bark for protection Cones for reproduction
What is a conifer?
Gymnosperms (“Naked seed plants”) that produce cones.
What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms that live today?
Ginkophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta
What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms that live today?
Ginkophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta
only one species still exist called the Ginko biloba. They have characteristic fan-shaped leaves.
Ginkophyta
they possess a large cone in the center of palm like leaves (similar to fronds) and are mainly used as yard ornamentation.
Cycadophyta
extreme desert plants. Ex: Welwitschia - among largest leaves of all plants (grow in Africa). Ephedra - produce ephedrine (used for diet pills). They become tumble weeds when they die for the scattering of seeds.
Gnetophyta
they produce 2 types of cones: male cones that are long, narrow, and yellow and female cones that are large and wide (if green they are unfertilized and if they are brown they are fertilized). They have evergreen needle leaves. These leaves are very thin to reduce water loss and have a very thick, sticky cuticle on the leaves. They produce thick, sticky sap to keep animals from eating them.
Coniferophyta
What are some adaptations that allowed angiosperms to survive in a new and wetter environment?
Xylem tissues that allowed them to transport more water to their leaves.
Larger leaves that allowed them to perform more photosynthesis.
Flowers which attracted pollinators.
Fruit which promoted seed dispersal.
Double fertilization
Describe the main components of a flower.
Sepals - green protective leaves that form the bud. They are non-reproductive
Petals - colored attractant leaves. They are fragrant and non-reproductive.
Stamen - the male sporophyll. The site of pollen grains and it is reproductive
Anther - contains the yellow pollen grains
Filament - a support stalk
Carpel/Pistil - female sporophyll and it is reproductive
Stigma - sticky top
Style - the neck
Ovary - contains ovules and eggs
green protective leaves that form the bud. They are non-reproductive
Sepals
colored attractant leaves. They are fragrant and non-reproductive.
Petals
the male sporophyll. The site of pollen grains and it is reproductive
Stamen
contains the yellow pollen grains in the male sporophyll
Anther
a support stalk in the male sporophyll
filament
female sporophyll and it is reproductive
Carpel/Pistil
sticky top of the carpel
stigma
the neck of the carpel
style
contains ovules and eggs in the carpel
ovary
What is a fruit? What is a pericarp?
A fruit is a ripened ovary. They developed to promote seed dispersal.
Pericarp - the skin of the carpel/fruit
Describe the basic structures seeds use to increase dispersal?
Kites - they get carried by the wind (ex: dandelions)
Burrs - carried by the fur of animals (ex: chestnut)
Edible - eaten by an animal and the seed will be deposited with fertilizer in a new area
they get carried by the wind (ex: dandelions)
kites
carried by the fur of animals (ex: chestnut)
burrs
eaten by an animal and the seed will be deposited with fertilizer in a new area
edible
Describe the basic fruit types.
Simple - have one ovary and will have one seed (ex: peach)
Aggregate - one flower with several carpel. It will have several seeds (ex: blackberry)
Multiple - several flowers that produce 1 fruit (ex: pineapple)
Dry - grains and nuts
have one ovary and will have one seed (ex: peach)
simple
one flower with several carpel. It will have several seeds (ex: blackberry)
aggregate
several flowers that produce 1 fruit (ex: pineapple)
multiple
grains and nuts
dry
What is double fertilization?
Zygote and endosperm food will be made. A pollen tube is created by one sperm. The other two enter through the micropyle (small pore). One sperm fertilizes the egg and the other fertilizes the polar nuclei.
has 1 cotyledon (embryonic leaf)
monocot
has 2 cotyledons (embryonic leaves)
dicot
What are the main types of angiosperms?
Basal Angiosperms - the oldest species and they don’t have xylem
Magnoliids - transitional species mainly. They are evergreens but they make flowers.
Monocots
Eudicots (“true dicots”)
the oldest species and they don’t have xylem
Basal Angiosperms
transitional species mainly. They are evergreens but they make flowers.
Magnoliids
Describe the importance of angiosperms.
They are sources of food and medicine and they can be used for perfumes and decorations.
