Chapter 10 Vocab Flashcards
disease-causing
virulent
the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism
transformation
viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages
in a nucleic-acid chain, a sub-unit that consists of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotides
a five carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
deoxyribose
an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a pyrimidine or purine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA or RNA
nitrogenous base
a nitrogenous base that had a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA or RNA; either adenine or guanine
purine
a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil
pyrimidine
the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA and that adenine pairs with uracil in DNA
base-pairing rules
the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine
complementary base pair
the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA
base sequence
the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission
DNA replication
an enzyme that separates DNA strands
helicase
a Y-shaped point that results when the 2 strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated
replication fork
an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule
DNA polymerase
in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new
semi-conservative replication
a change in the nucleotide base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule
mutation
a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a temple
transcription
the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
translation
the formation of protein by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA.
protein synthesis
a five carbon sugar present in RNA
ribose
a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein
messenger RNA (mRNA)
an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation
transfer RNA (tRNA)
an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template
RNA polymerase
a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene
promoter
a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene
termination signal
the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of 3 consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
genetic code
in DNA, a 3-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal
codon
a region of tRNA that consists of 3 bases complementary to the codon of mRNA
anticodon
the complete genetic material contained in an individual
genome
