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Cell Structures and Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

“Principal’s Office”
Houses DNA
chromatin phase-loose DNA
chromosome phase-tightly packed DNA

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Has Pores, protects nucleus, Double Membrane (phospholipids) (one side is hydrophilic and one side is hydrophobic)

A

Nuclear membrane

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3
Q

“Photocopier”

Makes copies of DNA

A

Nucleolus

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4
Q

Holds cell together, Keeps organelles in place

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

Protects and supports cell

A

cell membrane

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6
Q

Not organelles, Make proteins

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

2 types of ribosomes

A

Free and bound

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8
Q

Make proteins that stay within the cell

A

Free ribosomes

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9
Q

Make proteins that will leave the cell

A

Bound ribosomes

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10
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is composed of small tubes called _________

A

cisternae

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11
Q

Helps with the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, and steroids, Helps break down carbohydrates (ex. Glycogen ((stored sugar)) to Glucose), Helps to detoxify blood (Liver cells = Lots of ____)

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

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12
Q

Helps with protein synthesis (provides a H2O free environment for protein folding), Ribosomes are bound to the outside and deposit proteins inside as it is made by the ribosome

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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13
Q

Modifies proteins by attaching sugars (called Glycoproteins)
(It’s like a gift wrapping to disguise the protein for export through the cell membrane), composed of flattened tubes called cisternae

A

Golgi Apparatus

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14
Q

Act like the “stomach” of the cell, Involved in digestion and recycling (autophagy), Full of digestive enzymes (lysozomes), Composed of phospholipid bilayer

A

Lysosomes

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15
Q

Act as “closets” for storage of materials

Various types exist (food, contractile, central)

A

Vacuoles and Vesicles

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16
Q

The process of bringing something into the cell

A

Endocytosis

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17
Q

Process of cell “eating”

A

Phagocytosis

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18
Q

The process of cell “drinking”

A

Pinocytosis

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19
Q

Involved in making energy by the performing the process of cellular respiration, Has its own DNA, Has cristae (folded inner membrane) that increases surface area for making energy, _________ matrix has ribosomes and is the site for the Kreb’s Cycle of Cellular Respiration, Evolutionarily significant

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

Site of photosynthesis in plants and algae, They are a type of plastid (any of a class of small organelles containing pigment or food.), Has its own DNA ribosomes and enzymes (ATP synthase)

A

Chlorophyll

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21
Q

Site of light reaction of photosynthesis (ATP from reaction will be used as energy for making sugar in Calvin Cycle)

A

Thylakoid

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22
Q

Stack of thylakoids

A

Grana

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23
Q

Watery space between thylakoids and outer membrane (site of Calvin Cycle of Photosynthesis)

A

Stroma

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24
Q

Proposed that prokaryotes came to live in a symbiotic relationship (the smaller living inside the larger), Eventually these prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotic cells over hundreds of thousands of years

A

Endosymbiont Hypothesis

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25
Q

Benefits of a smaller cell living inside a larger

A

Larger gains energy

Smaller gains protection

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26
Q

Helps support and protect the cell, Keeps inner organelles organized, Helps with motility, Composed of various sized protein fibers, Composed of microtubules

A

Cytoskeleton

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27
Q

What is motility?

A

cell movement

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28
Q

Large hollow tubes, Composed of tubulin protein, Main function is for support and movement, Help guide movement for organelles

A

Microtubules

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29
Q

Anchor during cell division, made of microtubules

A

Centrosomes/centrioles

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30
Q

“Tow ropes”, Used to move chromosomes during mitosis or meiosis, made of microtubules

A

Spindle fibers

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31
Q

Help with cell movement through wavelike movements

A

Cilia

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32
Q

Help with cell movement, Fewer than cilia and longer in length, Undulating (whipping) movement

A

Flagella

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33
Q

Smallest structures in the cytoskeleton, Solid rods, Composed of actin or myosin protein, Provide a “pulling force”, Abundant in muscle tissue

A

Microfilaments

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34
Q

For protection and durability (holding up plant structure)

A

Cell wall

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35
Q

Primary cell wall composition

A

cellulose sugar

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36
Q

Middle lamella composition

A

Pectin sugar (“Super glue” between cell walls that hold them together)

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37
Q

Secondary cell wall composition

A

cellulose sugar

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38
Q

Outer protective “skeleton” of the cell plasma membrane in animal cells
Also functions in communication with other cells (use glycoproteins to communicate)
Composed mostly of glycoproteins and glycolipids

A

Extracellular matrix

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39
Q

Help to hold cells together so they may work together

Some are tunnels for cell to cell communication

A

Cellular Junctions

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40
Q

Composed of cells
Responds/adapts to environment
Uses energy
Grows and reproduces

A

Characteristics of a living thing

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41
Q

Said to be selectively permeable, Phospholipids make up the majority of it

A

cell membrane

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42
Q

Meaning of cell membrane being selectively permeable

A

Selects what materials enter or exit the cell through the membrane
Membrane also helps to regulate control of homeostasis (stable internal environment) by controlling entry and exit of certain molecules

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43
Q

These molecules are said to be amphipathic (have a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region)

A

Phospholipid

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44
Q

These molecules created bi-layer and the structure is held intact by the presence of water inside and outside the cell

A

Phospholipid

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45
Q

Remember proteins fold into 3D structures and that proteins are composed of amino acids that have water _______ and water ________ regions)

A

loving, fearing

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46
Q

Two types of membrane proteins

A

integral, peripheral

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47
Q

Types of membrane protein, Run completely through the bi-layer from outside to the inside, These function in the transport of molecules and for stability (help maintain integrity of the structure)

A

Integral

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48
Q

Type of membrane protein, Located on 1 side of the membrane (do not extend into the bi-layer of the membrane), Act as sites for attachment of the cytoskeleton

A

peripheral

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49
Q

Functions of membrane proteins?

A

Transport (Move food, water, etc across membrane), Act as enzymes (control metabolic processes), Cell to cell communication and recognition (so cells can work together in tissues), Intercellular junctions (for “stitching” together to make tissues), Attachment points to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

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50
Q

This molecule helps keep the membrane of all cells flexible

A

Cholesterol

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51
Q

Helps to keep the membrane of plant cells from freezing solid in very cold temperatures (like the Tundra)

A

Cholesterol

52
Q

Cell membrane characteristics as a moving puzzle because all pieces can move laterally (from side to side)

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

53
Q

______ and ____ (both gases) diffuse across the wet phospholipid bilayer (example of diffusion)

A

CO2 and O2

54
Q

_____ (charged particles) and water move through proteins (hence the name transport protein)

A

Ions

55
Q

Operates upon an established [] gradient, Materials flow from high [] to low [] until equilibrium is reached, This is how a majority of materials are transported into the cell (requires no energy)

A

Diffusion

56
Q

Water always flows from hypotonic to hypertonic until isotonic (name of process)

A

osmosis

57
Q

Very little

A

Hypo

58
Q

A lot

A

Hyper

59
Q

Referring to water

A

Tonic

60
Q

Pure water is _________. (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic)

A

hypotonic

61
Q

Water molecules ______ stop moving across the membrane even when in isotonic state

A

never

62
Q

Condition when there is plenty of water in the plant cell (plant is rigid and stiff)

A

Turgid

63
Q

Condition when there is not enough water in the plant cell (limp and wilted)

A

Flaccid

64
Q

When the cell membrane rips away from the cell wall killing the plant cell

A

Plasmolysis

65
Q

Represented by the Greek symbol psi-Ψ

A

Water Potential

66
Q

Water’s ability to perform work while passing through the cell membrane

A

Water Potential

67
Q

Water moves from high potential (_______) to low potential (________)

A

hypotonic, hypertonic

68
Q

The meaning of facilitate

A

to help

69
Q

Is a type of diffusion, The movement requires the help of a transport protein, Does not require energy to occur (Example: Calcium)

A

Facilitated diffusion

70
Q

Requires energy, Moving material against the [] gradient

Examples: Proton pumps, Na+/Ka+ pumps of the nervous system

A

Active Transport

71
Q

Attaching phosphorus to an inactive ATP to make it active

A

Phosphorylation

72
Q

Two types of large molecule transport

A

Exocytosis, endocytosis

73
Q

Two types of endocytosis (cell eating and drinking)

A

Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

74
Q

Main purpose of reproduction by cells

A

propagation (maintaining) of the lineage

75
Q

the cell that divides into 2 daughter cells

A

parent cell

76
Q

The parent cell divides into 2 genetically identical __________ _______

A

daughter cells

77
Q

The daughter cell are identical to each other and the previous __________ cell

A

parent

78
Q

The cells growing and being able to perform its adult functions

A

maturation

79
Q

The cell cycle is necessary for normal _________ (as in the size of organs) and _________ (of existing structures)

A

growth and repair

80
Q

The entire genetic material (DNA) for an organism or cell

A

genome

81
Q

Can genomes vary?

A

Yes they vary from species to species.

82
Q

The genome length for humans is about ___ m or ____ ft per cell.

A

2m or 7ft

83
Q

The two different states of DNA

A

chromosomes and chromatin

84
Q

Chromatin can be moved around to find the gene segment of interest for __________ ____________.

A

protein synthesis

85
Q

Chromosomal content of somatic cells is ___ or ______.

A

2n or diploid

86
Q

Half (in terms of chromosomal content) is referred to as _______ or __.

A

haploid or n

87
Q

How many chromosomes do human cells have?

A

46

88
Q

The proteins that help DNA coil up (condense) to form the chromosomes needed for division

A

histones

89
Q

means portion (ex. chromatid)

A

tid

90
Q

Half of a duplicated chromosome

A

sister chromatids

91
Q

The two halves of sister chromatid are held together at the _______ (means center unit)

A

centromere

92
Q

The centromere is a group of _________.

A

proteins

93
Q

This process refers to ordinary cell division (Parent cell and daughter cells are exactly alike genetically). Involves only one division after replication occurs in the synthesis phase)

A

Mitosis

94
Q

Cells spend 90% of their existence in this phase

A

interphase

95
Q

3 parts of interphase

A

G1, Synthesis, G2

96
Q

First part of interphase. Primary or first growth. This is ordinary, everyday growth, activity, or repair of the cell. First checkpoint (called “point of no return”) is the barrier to the rest of the cycle

A

G1

97
Q

Second part of interphase. The DNA replicates or is synthesized during this phase. In humans we go from 46 chromosomes “2n” to 92 chromosomes “4n”

A

Synthesis

98
Q

Third part of interphase. Secondary or second growth. The cell and organelles mainly enlarge or replicate. Second checkpoint occurs after this part. Second checkpoint asks “do we have everything for 2 cells? If yes, the proceed to dividing, if no then make what is missing”

A

G2

99
Q

Means “nucleus division” (First divide the DNA; then secondly the cytoplasm.)

A

Mitosis

100
Q

Four parts of mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)

101
Q

1 step in mitosis. Nucleus envelope is broken down and rearranged to make the spindle apparatus. The chromatin condenses to form X shaped chromosomes (2 chromatids). The centrioles move toward the poles (In animal cells only, plant cells use the cell wall)

A

Prophase (“pro” means first)

102
Q

2nd step in mitosis. The replicated chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate (middle of cell). The spindle apparatus attaches to the kinetochore (a part of the centromere) and centrioles (the anchors). Third checkpoint occurs here. (Are all the chromosomes attached and lined up and ready to “divide/separate” or “segregate”?)

A

Metaphase (“meta” means middle)

103
Q

3rd step in mitosis. Replicated chromosomes are pulled apart into sister chromatids and each chromatid moves toward opposite poles of the cell. The spindle apparatus is being broken down as the two sister chromatids are “walked” toward the poles by the motor protein using ATP.

A

Anaphase (“ana” means separate)

104
Q

4th step in mitosis. The nuclear envelope is rebuilt by using broken down spindle apparatus pieces. The chromatids begin to de-condense back to their chromatin stage. A cleavage furrow (indent) begins to form using actin and myosin microfilaments

A

Telophase (“telo” means last)

105
Q

The cytoplasm and cell organelles are separated to produce two daughter cells. This is the division of the cytoplasm.

A

Cytokinesis (cleavage means “split”)

106
Q

Occurs before G1. The cells are tired and take a brief break and rest.

A

G0 (Zero growth phase)

107
Q

These structures are formed from the broken down cytoskeleton and nuclear envelope (recycled). The construction starts at the centrosome (where the centrioles are) and works toward the chromosomes. They attach to the replicated chromosomes. Motor protein “walks” the sister chromatids toward the opposite poles (ends) using ATP by phosphorylation. Non-kinectochore spindles are used to “push” the poles farther apart and help produce the cleavage furrow.

A

Spindle Apparatus

108
Q

Plant cells do not have centrioles because they have ______ _______ to anchor to.

A

cell walls

109
Q

The new cell wall “______” develops, using small segments of cellulose, instead of a cleavage furrow.

A

Plate

110
Q

This is the process of Reproduction/Replication in prokaryotes (bacteria). DNA replication (S phase) starts at the “origin” and works around the entire singular circular chromosome, this results in two identical chromosomes in the nucleoid region. This is followed by producing a cleavage furrow (cytokinesis) to produce 2 new cells that are referred to as clones. The cleavage furrow is produced using actin and myosin microfilaments.

A

Binary Fission

111
Q

How is Binary Fission related to mitosis in terms of evolution?

A

Binary Fission would have evolves into Mitosis as the DNA content increased dramatically and also used the endosymbiont hypothesis occurred to produce “organelles.” The two major steps are the same: synthesis and division.

112
Q

Regulation is crucial for normal _______ and _____________.

A

growth and development

113
Q

Regulation ______ for each different type of cell.

A

varies

114
Q

molecules that regulate/control the cell cycle

A

cyclins

115
Q

Stopping points to make sure everything is correct before going on to the next phase

A

check point

116
Q

It is at the end of G1 (Called the Restriction point) “point of no return”

A

First checkpoint

117
Q

It is at the end of G2 (Do we have 2 sets of DNA and 2 sets of organelles?)

A

Second checkpoint

118
Q

It is at the end of metaphase (Are all the replicated chromosomes in the middle of the cell and are they ALL attached to the spindle fibers?)

A

Third checkpoint

119
Q

Cell division is a huge E consuming process, so rest is required for the cell.

A

G0 (resting state)

120
Q

Abnormal cell growth

A

Cancer

121
Q

No __________ exist within cancerous cells, so there is no density-dependent inhibition.

A

checkpoints

122
Q

Cancer starts with transformation of the DNA (________) in a cell

A

mutation

123
Q

means Abnormal growth

A

tumor

124
Q

Usually not deadly-easy to cure by removal of the tumor (It is encapsulated-like a tennis ball.) (This kind is non-invasive)

A

Benign

125
Q

It can be deadly. Normally treated with chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery. (means “the crab”) (It is invasive. It grows between cells destroying the tissue.)

A

Malignant

Copy - Biology 1446 (36 decks)

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