unit 7 pt. 2 (motivation and emotion) Flashcards
personality
an individual characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing it may
id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy, that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
ego
the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality. the ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways the will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
superego
the part of the personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
what are the 5 psychosexual stages
-oral (0-18months): pleasure centers around mouth- sucking, biting, chewing
-anal (18-36 months): pleasure focuses on bowel and control with it
-phallic (3-6 years): pleasure zone is the genitals- focusing with incestuous feelings
-latency (6- puberty): Phase of dormant sexual feelings
-genital (puberty- on): maturation of sexual interests
oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos
fixation
in psychoanalytic theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts are unresloved
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
what are the defense mechanism that Freud proposed
-regression: retreating back to an earlier psychosexual stage
-reaction formation: switching unacceptable impulses into their opposite
-projection: projection your problems on other people
-rationalization: offering self-justifying reasons for your actions
-displacement: shifting violent behaviors onto someone more vulnerable
-sublimation: transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives
-denial: refusing to believe or perceive painful reality
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
collective uncoscious
carl jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history
projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics
Thematic apperception test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
terror-management theory
a theory of death related anxiety; explores peoples emotional and behavioral response to a reminder of their impending death
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach, seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Humanistic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
Hierarchy of needs
Maslows pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
self-actualizing
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
self-transcendence
according to Maslow, the striving for identify, meaning, and purpose beyond the self
Unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which carl rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self acceptance
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “who am i?”
trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to fell and act in a certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Personality inventory
a questionnaire (often with true false/agree disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a. wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to asses selected personality traits
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) this test is now used for many other screening purposes
Empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of item those that discriminate against groups
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context made by Albert bandury
behavioral approach
focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influence of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
what is a case study and what are it’s weaknesses
-an in-depth study of one individual
-weakness: may not generalize to larger population
what is a survey and what are its weaknesses
-systematic questioning of a random sample of the population
-weakness: may be expensive, correlational findings
what are projective tests and what are their weaknesses (TAT, Rorschach)
-objectively scored groups of questions designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics
-weakness: explore limited to number of traits
what is observation and what is its weaknesses
-studying how individuals react to diff. situation
-weakness: results may not apply to larger population
what is experimentation and what is its weaknesses
manipulating variables, with random assignment to conditions
-weakness: some variables cannot be feasibly of ethically manipulated
self (in contemporary psychology)
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
spotlight effect
overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we are in a spotlight)
self-esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self-worth
self-efficacy
one’s sense of competence and effectiveness
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
individualism
giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification
collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
Freudian slip
an unintentional error in speech regarded as revealing subconscious feelings
Alfred Adler (Neo-Freudian)
-believed in childhood tensions, but these were social not sexual in nature
-children struggle with inferiority complex during growth, and strives for superiority and power
Karen Horney (Neo-Freudian
-believed that childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security
-challenged Freuds “Penis envy” with “womb envy” (men want wombs)
Carl Jung (Neo-Freudian)
-believed in collective unconscious (why many cultures share similar myths or a mother figure as nurturing)
Jungs persona
The social face the individual presents to the world (our mask)
who were two influential humanists
-Abraham Maslow
-Carl rogers (self-concept)
trait theories
see personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior, the describe differences rather than explain
