unit 7 pt. 2 (motivation and emotion)

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

an individual characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 2

psychodynamic theories

Answer 2

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Question 3

psychoanalysis

Answer 3

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Question 4

unconscious

Answer 4

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Question 5

free association

Answer 5

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing it may

Question 6

id

Answer 6

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy, that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Question 7

ego

Answer 7

the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality. the ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways the will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Question 8

superego

Answer 8

the part of the personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations

Question 9

psychosexual stages

Answer 9

the childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Question 10

what are the 5 psychosexual stages

Answer 10

-oral (0-18months): pleasure centers around mouth- sucking, biting, chewing
-anal (18-36 months): pleasure focuses on bowel and control with it
-phallic (3-6 years): pleasure zone is the genitals- focusing with incestuous feelings
-latency (6- puberty): Phase of dormant sexual feelings
-genital (puberty- on): maturation of sexual interests

Question 11

oedipus complex

Answer 11

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Question 12

Identification

Answer 12

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos

Question 13

fixation

Answer 13

in psychoanalytic theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts are unresloved

Question 14

defense mechanisms

Answer 14

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 15

what are the defense mechanism that Freud proposed

Answer 15

-regression: retreating back to an earlier psychosexual stage
-reaction formation: switching unacceptable impulses into their opposite
-projection: projection your problems on other people
-rationalization: offering self-justifying reasons for your actions
-displacement: shifting violent behaviors onto someone more vulnerable
-sublimation: transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives
-denial: refusing to believe or perceive painful reality

Question 16

repression

Answer 16

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 17

collective uncoscious

Answer 17

carl jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history

Question 18

projective test

Answer 18

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics

Question 19

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

Answer 19

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Question 20

terror-management theory

Answer 20

a theory of death related anxiety; explores peoples emotional and behavioral response to a reminder of their impending death

Question 21

Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 21

the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach, seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Question 22

Humanistic theories

Answer 22

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Question 23

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 23

Maslows pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Question 24

self-actualizing

Answer 24

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

Question 25

self-transcendence

Answer 25

according to Maslow, the striving for identify, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

Question 26

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 26

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which carl rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self acceptance

Question 27

self-concept

Answer 27

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am i?"

Question 28

trait

Answer 28

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to fell and act in a certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Question 29

Personality inventory

Answer 29

a questionnaire (often with true false/agree disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a. wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to asses selected personality traits

Question 30

Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 30

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) this test is now used for many other screening purposes

Question 31

Empirically derived test

Answer 31

a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of item those that discriminate against groups

Question 32

social-cognitive perspective

Answer 32

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context made by Albert bandury

Question 33

behavioral approach

Answer 33

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

Question 34

reciprocal determinism

Answer 34

the interacting influence of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Question 35

what is a case study and what are it's weaknesses

Answer 35

-an in-depth study of one individual -weakness: may not generalize to larger population

Question 36

what is a survey and what are its weaknesses

Answer 36

-systematic questioning of a random sample of the population -weakness: may be expensive, correlational findings

Question 37

what are projective tests and what are their weaknesses (TAT, Rorschach)

Answer 37

-objectively scored groups of questions designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics -weakness: explore limited to number of traits

Question 38

what is observation and what is its weaknesses

Answer 38

-studying how individuals react to diff. situation -weakness: results may not apply to larger population

Question 39

what is experimentation and what is its weaknesses

Answer 39

manipulating variables, with random assignment to conditions -weakness: some variables cannot be feasibly of ethically manipulated

Question 40

self (in contemporary psychology)

Answer 40

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Question 41

spotlight effect

Answer 41

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we are in a spotlight)

Question 42

self-esteem

Answer 42

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Question 43

self-efficacy

Answer 43

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

Question 44

self-serving bias

Answer 44

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Question 45

narcissism

Answer 45

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Question 46

individualism

Answer 46

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification

Question 47

collectivism

Answer 47

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

Question 48

Freudian slip

Answer 48

an unintentional error in speech regarded as revealing subconscious feelings

Question 49

Alfred Adler (Neo-Freudian)

Answer 49

-believed in childhood tensions, but these were social not sexual in nature -children struggle with inferiority complex during growth, and strives for superiority and power

Question 50

Karen Horney (Neo-Freudian

Answer 50

-believed that childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security -challenged Freuds "Penis envy" with "womb envy" (men want wombs)

Question 51

Carl Jung (Neo-Freudian)

Answer 51

-believed in collective unconscious (why many cultures share similar myths or a mother figure as nurturing)

Question 52

Jungs persona

Answer 52

The social face the individual presents to the world (our mask)

Question 53

who were two influential humanists

Answer 53

-Abraham Maslow -Carl rogers (self-concept)

Question 54

trait theories

Answer 54

see personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior, the describe differences rather than explain