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Psych 24-25 > unit 6 > Flashcards

unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Epigenetics

A

show how environmental influences effect the expression of genes

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2
Q

developmental psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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3
Q

continuity and stages

A

what parts of our development are gradual and continuous versus abrupt

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4
Q

stability and change

A

which of our traits persist through life, how do we change as we age

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5
Q

zygot

A

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell devision and develops to an embryo

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6
Q

Embryo

A

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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7
Q

fetus

A

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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8
Q

habituation

A

decreases responsiveness w/ repeated stimulation. as infants gain familiarity w/ repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wains

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9
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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10
Q

what did Piaget study

A

cognition of children and maturation stages

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11
Q

schema

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets info

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12
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schema

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13
Q

Accommodation

A

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info

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14
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

in Piaget’s theory the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly through sensory impressions

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15
Q

temperment

A

a persons stable emotional reactivity and intensity

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16
Q

rooting reflex

A

sucking, tonguing, swallowing and breathing for infants

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17
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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18
Q

pre-operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2-6 or 7 years) during which a child learns to use language but doesn;t yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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19
Q

conservation (piaget)

A

the principle (which piaget believed tp be a part of concrete operational reasoning) thhat properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in teh forms of objects

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20
Q

egocentrism

A

in piagets theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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21
Q

theory of the mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states-about their feelings perceptions, thoughts and the behaviors these might predict

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22
Q

concrete operational stage

A

in piagets theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 7-11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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23
Q

formal operational stage

A

in piagets theory, the stage of cognitive development (starting around age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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24
Q

scaffold

A

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

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25
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
26
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
27
Attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation
28
critical period
an optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
29
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
30
strange situation
a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in a unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the childs reactions are observed
31
secure attachment
Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregivers return
32
insecure attachment
demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness
33
what did lev vygotsky do and think
-sociocultural theory -human development and learning is a social process -zone of proximal development
34
Temperament
a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
35
basic trust
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy
36
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "who am i"
37
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
38
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
39
identity
our sense of self; according to erickson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
40
social identity
the "we" aspect of our self concept-co ncept
41
intimacy
in ericksons theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships;a primary development tesk in young adulthood
42
emerging adulthood
a. period from about age 18-mid twenties, when in many western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independents
43
sex
in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
44
gender
in psychology, the socially influenced cahhracteristics by which people define boy, girl, man , or woman
45
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or mentally
46
relational aggression
an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing
47
role
a set of expectations (norms) bout a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
48
gender role
a set of expected behavior, attitudes, and traits for males or females
49
gender identity
our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two
50
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitation and by being rewarded or punished
51
gender typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
52
androgyny
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
53
x chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both males and females, females typically have two while males only have one paired with a y chromosome
54
y chromosome
the sex chromosome typically found only in males paired with a y chromosome
55
Testosterone
the most important male sex hormone. both males and females have it, but testosterone in males stimulate the development during the fetal period and puberty
56
Primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitals) that make sexual reproduction possible
57
secondary sex characteristics
Non-reproductive sexual traits such as as breasts, hips, voice quality, and body hair
58
Spermarche
the first ejaculation
59
menarchy
the first menstrual period
60
intersex
a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes
61
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
a life-threatening sexually transmitted infection caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infection
62
sexual orientation
our enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex (Homosexual orientation) or the other sex (Heterosexual orientation) and both sexes (bisexual orientation)
63
Menopause
the time of natural cessation of mensuration; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
64
Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)
Acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to alzheimers desease, brain injury, or desease, or substance abuse. in older adults formal called dementia
65
Alzheimers disease
a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often w/ onset after age 80, entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities
66
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
67
Three parenting styles
Authoritarian: parents impose strict rules and expect obedience Permissive: parents submit to children’s demands Authoritative: parents are demanding but responsive to children
68
Neuron pruning
Unused neural connections are lost to make other pathways more efficient
69
Kholberg’s 3 levels of moral thinking
-preconventional: before age 9, show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward -conventional: by early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake -post conventional: affirms peoples agreed upon rights or follows their own ethical principles
70
Eriksons stages of psychosocial development
-infancy (to 1) -trust vs mistrust -toddlerhood (1-2) - autonomy vs shame -preschooler (3-5)- initiative vs guilt -elementary (6-puberty) - competence vs inferiority -adolescence (teen-20s) - identity vs role confusion -young adulthood (20s-early 40s) intimacy vs isolation -mid adulthood (40s-60s) generative vs stagnation -late adulthood (late 60s and up) integrity vs despair

Psych 24-25 (18 decks)

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