Memory (unit 5 Pt 1)

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier as on a fill in the blank test

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned as on a multipole choice test

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

a measure of memory that asses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

the process of getting info into the memory system, for example, by extracting meaning

Question 6

storage

Answer 6

the process of retaining encoded info over time

Question 7

retrieval

Answer 7

the process of getting info out of memory storage

Question 8

Parallel processing

Answer 8

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of info processing

Question 9

sensory memory

Answer 9

the immediate very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

Question 10

short-term memory

Answer 10

activate memory that holds a few items briefly such as the digits of a phone # while calling, before the info is stored or forgotten

Question 11

long-term memory

Answer 11

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 12

working memory

Answer 12

a newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual info and of info retrieved from long term memory

Question 13

explicit memory

Answer 13

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (AKA declarative memory)

Question 14

effortful processing

Answer 14

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 15

automatic processing

Answer 15

Unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned info such as word meanings

Question 16

implicit memory

Answer 16

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (AKA non-declarative memory)

Question 17

iconic memory

Answer 17

a momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli; a picture image lasting no more then a few tenths of a second

Question 18

echoic memory

Answer 18

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled w/in 3 or 4 sec

Question 19

chunking

Answer 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often happens automatically

Question 20

spacing effect

Answer 20

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 21

testing effect

Answer 21

Enhancing memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading

Question 22

shallow processing

Answer 22

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 23

deep processing

Answer 23

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to get the best retention

Question 24

semantic memory

Answer 24

explicit memory of facts and general info; one of our two conscious memory systems

Question 25

episodic memory

Answer 25

explicit memory of personally experienced events; the second of our two conscious memory systems

Question 26

what does the hippocampus process

Answer 26

explicit memories

Question 27

memory consolidation

Answer 27

the neural storage of a long term memory

Question 28

what does the cerebellum process

Answer 28

implicit memories

Question 29

flash bulb memories

Answer 29

a clear sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment of event

Question 30

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 30

an increase in a cells firing potential after a brief rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 31

priming

Answer 31

the activation, often unconsciously of a particular association in memory

Question 32

mood-congruent memory

Answer 32

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent w/ one’s current good/bad mood

Question 33

serial position effect

Answer 33

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first ( primary effect) item in a list

Question 34

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 34

an inability to form new memories

Question 35

retrograde amnesia

Answer 35

an inability to retrieve info from ones past

Question 36

proactive interference

Answer 36

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info

Question 37

retroactive interference

Answer 37

the backward- acting disruptive effec of newer learning on the recall of old info

Question 38

repression

Answer 38

in psychoanalytic theory; the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories

Question 39

reconsolidation

Answer 39

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Question 40

Misinformation effect

Answer 40

occurs when misleading info has distorted one’s memory of an event

Question 41

source amnesia

Answer 41

faulty memory for how, when, or where info was learned or imagined

Question 42

cognition

Answer 42

all the mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 43

concept (in memory)

Answer 43

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 44

prototype (in memory)

Answer 44

a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

Question 45

convergent thinking

Answer 45

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Question 46

divergent thinking

Answer 46

expanding the # of possible solutions to a problem; creative thinking that diverges in different directions

Question 47

algorithm

Answer 47

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Question 48

hueristic

Answer 48

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. faster but more error prone

Question 49

insight

Answer 49

a sudden realization of a problems solution

Question 50

confirmation bias

Answer 50

a tendency to search for info that supports our preconception and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 51

fixation (in cognition)

Answer 51

in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an obstical to problem solving

Question 52

mental set

Answer 52

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 53

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 53

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume they are common

Question 54

belief perserverance

Answer 54

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 55

framing (in cognition)

Answer 55

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly effect decisions and judgements

Question 56

phoneme

Answer 56

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
ex. bat= b/a/t that=th/a/t

Question 57

morpheme

Answer 57

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word
ex. readers= read/er/s

Question 58

Babbling stage

Answer 58

beginning around 4 moths, tha stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Question 59

one-word stage

Answer 59

the stage in speech development, from around age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 60

two-word stage

Answer 60

Beginning at age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2-word statements (AKA telegraphic speech: go car)

Question 61

linguistic determinism

Answer 61

the strong form of Whort’s hypothesis- that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us

Question 62

Linguistic influence

Answer 62

the idea that language effects-not controls- thoughts

Question 63

Assimilation

Answer 63

cognitive process that allows you to incorporate new information, ideas, or experiences into your existing knowledge or belief system