Memory (unit 5 Pt 1) Flashcards
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info
recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier as on a fill in the blank test
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned as on a multipole choice test
relearning
a measure of memory that asses the amount of time saved when learning material again
encoding
the process of getting info into the memory system, for example, by extracting meaning
storage
the process of retaining encoded info over time
retrieval
the process of getting info out of memory storage
Parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of info processing
sensory memory
the immediate very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system
short-term memory
activate memory that holds a few items briefly such as the digits of a phone # while calling, before the info is stored or forgotten
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
working memory
a newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual info and of info retrieved from long term memory
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (AKA declarative memory)
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned info such as word meanings
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (AKA non-declarative memory)
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli; a picture image lasting no more then a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled w/in 3 or 4 sec
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often happens automatically
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
testing effect
Enhancing memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to get the best retention
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general info; one of our two conscious memory systems
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; the second of our two conscious memory systems
what does the hippocampus process
explicit memories
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long term memory
what does the cerebellum process
implicit memories
flash bulb memories
a clear sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment of event
long-term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cells firing potential after a brief rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
priming
the activation, often unconsciously of a particular association in memory
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent w/ one’s current good/bad mood
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first ( primary effect) item in a list
Anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve info from ones past
proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info
retroactive interference
the backward- acting disruptive effec of newer learning on the recall of old info
repression
in psychoanalytic theory; the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
Misinformation effect
occurs when misleading info has distorted one’s memory of an event
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where info was learned or imagined
cognition
all the mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
concept (in memory)
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
prototype (in memory)
a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
divergent thinking
expanding the # of possible solutions to a problem; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
hueristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. faster but more error prone
insight
a sudden realization of a problems solution
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for info that supports our preconception and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
fixation (in cognition)
in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an obstical to problem solving
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Representativeness heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume they are common
belief perserverance
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
framing (in cognition)
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly effect decisions and judgements
phoneme
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
ex. bat= b/a/t that=th/a/t
morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word
ex. readers= read/er/s
Babbling stage
beginning around 4 moths, tha stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
one-word stage
the stage in speech development, from around age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words
two-word stage
Beginning at age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2-word statements (AKA telegraphic speech: go car)
linguistic determinism
the strong form of Whort’s hypothesis- that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
Linguistic influence
the idea that language effects-not controls- thoughts
Assimilation
cognitive process that allows you to incorporate new information, ideas, or experiences into your existing knowledge or belief system
