unit 7 Flashcards
Pre-industrial cities
Cities developed prior to industrialization
What serve does Trade Centers in gateways to foreign lands and markets
pre-industrialized cities
zoning regulations
can be used for people to reside, residential, for stores and markets to sell goods, commercial, or for production, manufacturing,
Sustainability
the use of the Earth’s resources in a way that ensures those resources will still be available in the future
We can see that as countries progress in the demographic transition model they…
start to see their growth rate shrink which can reduce the overall pressure on the local environment
Resource depletion
refers to the depletion or exhaustion of Natural Resources as a result of unsustainable practice and excessive consumption
Land degradation
Refers to the deterioration or decline in quality of Natural Resources or ecosystem due to human activities
are caused by
soil erosion
Decertification
soil salinization
Deforestation
The industrialization began really as a result of new technologies and it was facilitated by the
availability of Natural Resources particularly Coal
The Industrial Revolution Allowed what
workers to seek new industrial jobs and change class structure because jobs and opportunities that were created with the rise of factories and large scale industry unfortunately
Investors in Industry they sought out more raw materials and new markets and these were factors that contributed to _________
the rise of colonialism and imperialism
Invention of better Farming tools produced what
Increased Agricultural production and more food
After industrialization farmers do what
Move to cities (rural to urban migration)
What country was the first to industrialize
Britain because has quick access to resources (coal, iron, etc)
Ecotourism
A form of sustainable tourism that focuses on responsible travel Two natural areas that can serve the environment and improve the well-being of the local people
Promotes conservation of natural resources
Factors that led to the industrial revolution
growing workforce, access to raw Resources like coal and iron access to new capital and new inventions and Technology
Cottage industry
Small scale businesses typically operated out of a person’s home, here individuals use traditional techniques and tools to produce custom Goods by hand
What did the industrial revolution do to the cottage industry
before the Industrial Revolution cottage industries were fairly prevalent across Society however due to the ability of companies to be able to mass produce products most of the cottage industries were put out of business industrialization
Enclosure movement
A movement in English which took agricultural land that was publicly owned by the community and privatized it
What are the minuses of the Industrial Revolution
caused inequality between different people and led to uneven Economic Development to occur around the world
Urbanization and less developed countries are often focused on…
one or two major cities with high degrees of Primacy or centrality causing uneven development
Such intensely High rates of urbanization and ldc’s are straining the infrastructure resources of the growing cities
Unable to find housing, many new migrants build what
squatter settlements which are makeshift unsafe housing constructed from any scraps they find on the land that they neither rent or own
urban sprawl
the diffusion of urban land use in lifestyle into formally non-urban often agricultural lands
Edge Cities
Self-sufficient Urban Villages that often develop at Highway exits and are part of larger Metropolitan complex
Suburban Sprawl
the expansion of Housing and Commercial developments in the urban periphery
The five economic activity sectors
Primary: Jobs and activities that involve extracting natural resources from the Earth
Ex. Farmers and fishermen
Secondary: Jobs and activities that Deal with processing raw materials acquired through primary activities into a finished product of greater value
often located near major Railways highways ports and other infrastructure that supports the shipping of resources and goods
Tertiary: Jobs and activities that are based around providing services for individuals
Ex. Lawyer, doctors, uber drivers, etc.
As countries continue to develop economically it’s common to see more and more jobs move out of the primary and secondary sector and move into the tertiary sector of the economy; the majority of the United States is economy is located in the tertiary sector
have higher levels of development
Quaternary Sector (Subsector of tertiary): jobs and activities that revolve around acquiring, processing, and sharing information
Tend to be more developed
Ex. journalist, teachers, professors
Quinary Sector (Subsector of tertiary): jobs and activities that revolve around making decisions
Ex. CEO of a company, the president
Countries that have not yet industrialized so often have more jobs located in what sector
The primary sector with only a few jobs in the secondary and tertiary sector
As economic development occurs we start to see the rise of jobs in the what sector(s)
secondary sector and eventually the tertiary jobs in the secondary sector start to become more dominant once the economy becomes industrialized we can see jobs in The primary sector drastically start to decrease As more jobs open up in the secondary sector and also the tertiary
In postindustrial society (sectors info)
jobs in the secondary sector start to decline while at the same time jobs in the tertiary sector start to expand here the economy is becoming more focused around service jobs and less on manufacturing
Countries that are less economically developed will tend to have more jobs in ____________________ and countries that continue to have an emerging economy as they experience industrialization will start to see more jobs open up in ___________
areas such as Agriculture , manufacturing
core countries
Core Countries tend to have the most advanced economies and typically have a higher standard of living and have more of their jobs located in the tertiary sector.
They have High levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology, Industrial production of goods, Generate more wealth, Higher GDP’s
semiperiphery countries
Semi periphery countries are countries that have an emerging economy our experiencing an increase in their standard of living and have many jobs in the country located in the secondary sector and as more industrialization continues to occur
periphery countries
tend to have a lower standard of living since industrialization is not yet happened causing many of the jobs in the economy to be located in The primary sector, Places with lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology, Generates less wealth in the world economy
Break of bulk points
A location where goods are transported from one mode of transportation to another
Ex. ports
Alfred Weber’s least cost theory/ the theory of industrial locations
the theory looks at how the location of an industry is influenced by three main factors Transportation costs labor cost and agglomeration (What would be of lowest cost to them)
transportation costs are shipping costs connected to the moving of resources and materials for producing a good and shipping the final product to the market
Labor cost are costs that come from workers producing the product itself
Agglomeration is the clustering of different economic activities and industries in a specific geographic area
states that the location of production should be located in an area where transportation and labor costs are minimized the economic benefits of agglomeration are maximized
Why does agglomeration happen?
it allows businesses to reduce their overall cost by taking advantage of larger labor forces benefiting from the existing infrastructure in an area and by allowing businesses to use the different services and knowledge base in a specific area
Bulk Producing good
a product that becomes lighter and easier to transport as production
Bulk gaining good
A product that becomes heavier and more difficult to transfer as production occurs
By Using Weber’s least cost theory companies can…
reduce their overall cost and maximize their profit all by locating in an area that optimizes their transportation costs labor costs and the benefits they get from agglomeration
Cities are interconnected across the globe through
networks and connections or linkages and communications, media, transportation, and trade cities interact with each other in this way
Industrialization
the growth of manufacturing activity in an economy or region
in the period of industrialization machines replaced what
human labor and new sources of energy were found
what was the leading energy source
COAL
during industrialization the emergence of so many factors led to the development of
industrial landscapes as well as a working class housing areas and Industrial growth
commodification of Labor
Factory owners began looking at their human labor as commodities objects for trade, with price tags per hour, rather than seeing workers as people
Spatially variable cost
cost that change depending on the factories location
Footloose Industries
industries that are not restricted as to where they can locate of resources or Transportation costs these industries maintain the same cost of transportation and production regardless of where they choose to locate they are spatially fixed costs
when an industry moves to a place to access lower label costs even though Transportation costs might increase as a result
in the long run these companies will receive more because of the cheaper labor
Substitution principle
industrial capital
would consists of Machinery in the cost of Labor and the factory needs
Growth Pole Theory
the economic development is not uniform over spatial region but takes place around its specific clustered area or growth pole when an industry is growing and many other economic activities Nest nearby
Locational interdependence
is the theory that Industries choose the locations based on where they’re competitors are located so they can maximize their dominance over the market
A downside of agglomeration is industrial overcrowding which can result in a region to be too clustered, polluted, congested with traffic, strain for resources and labor, this can cause deglomeration what is that
the unclumping of factories or an industry because of the negative effects and higher costs associated with overcrowding
Development
is the process of improving the material condition of people through the growth and diffusion of technology and knowledge
GNI
The total amount of income generated by countries residents and businesses both domestically and abroad in a given year
GDP
The total value of all goods and services produced within a country’s border over specific period of time
When GDP is increasing:economy is growing, consumer and government spending
When GDP is decreasing: Businesses are failing jobs are being lost
GNP
Gross national product is the total economic output produced by countries residents and businesses regardless of their location, during a specific period of time
GNI Per capita
Takes the country’s United by its total population to get a per person gni
Informational sectors
includes all business transactions that were not reported to the government of a country or region
income distribution
the more equal the distribution, the more developed a region, the wider the discrepancy between the rich and the poor the less developed a region is
Fertility rates
In general the lower the fertility rate the more educational opportunities women have in society
infant mortality rates
the more access women have to healthcare the lower infant mortality rate is which is indicates higher development levels in a country
access to healthcare
more access to healthcare is associated with increased life expectancy, lower infant mortality, lower fertility rates, and more education for women.
Use of fossil fuels
And more developed regions the service sector in the economy is predominant leading to less use of fossil fuels, more developed countries use renewable energy methods
literacy rates
high levels of Social and economic development leads to increase access and education, higher greater literacy rate and greater rates of women’s literacy
Gender inequality index
Gender inequality index
Gii, measures how equal or unequal women are in different parts of the world
The higher the GI the more unequal women are in the region compared to men
Labor market participation is measured by
the amount of woman in the workforce
Micro loans
are small amounts of money given to a woman to start their own businesses
Rostow stages of economic growth
Outlines five stages of development that country’s generally go through as they develop economically
Traditional Society
Economic activity is mainly subsistence farming with little investment in innovation, majority of jobs are in the primary sector, often lack modern technology
Preconditions for takeoff
As a region begins to develop, a small group of people initiate Innovative takeoff economic activities that pave the way for economic development; commercial agriculture
More investment in infrastructure and
education
Majority jobs in secondary sector
Takeoff
Any small number of new industries that
emergence stage 2 begin to show rapid economic growth in this stage industrialization increases and subsistence farming decreases in the regions where the takeoff Industries existed, often get exploited by Foreign states as they seek to take
advantage of their raw resources and cheap
labor
Drive to maturity
At this stage more advanced technology and development begins to spread to a wider version of other Industries, not just take off industries, begin to experience rapid growth. workers become more skilled in educated
Participates more in trade
start to see a shift from heavy industrial Industries to more consumer goods
High Mass Consumption
The economy shifts from the dominance of secondary factory jobs to the dominance of service oriented jobs that require higher levels of education, tertiary sector. in this stage rostow predicted that a country experiencing higher Economic Development would lead to higher levels of consumption.
Fully developed
Rostow stages of economic growth
Outlines five stages of development that country’s generally go through as they develop economically
Traditional Society
Economic activity is mainly subsistence farming with little investment in innovation, majority of jobs are in the primary sector, often lack modern technology
Preconditions for takeoff
As a region begins to develop, a small group of people initiate Innovative takeoff economic activities that pave the way for economic development; commercial agriculture
More investment in infrastructure and
education
Majority jobs in secondary sector
Takeoff
Any small number of new industries that
emergence stage 2 begin to show rapid economic growth in this stage industrialization increases and subsistence farming decreases in the regions where the takeoff Industries existed, often get exploited by Foreign states as they seek to take
advantage of their raw resources and cheap
labor
Drive to maturity
At this stage more advanced technology and development begins to spread to a wider version of other Industries, not just take off industries, begin to experience rapid growth. workers become more skilled in educated
Participates more in trade
start to see a shift from heavy industrial Industries to more consumer goods
High Mass Consumption
The economy shifts from the dominance of secondary factory jobs to the dominance of service oriented jobs that require higher levels of education, tertiary sector. in this stage rostow predicted that a country experiencing higher Economic Development would lead to higher levels of consumption.
Fully developed
Dependency Theory
A theory that suggests developing countries are dependent on developed countries for their economic growth
Wallerstein’s World System Theory
core countries are purchasers of consumption goods from semi periphery and periphery,
core countries are the ones that hold the dominant power and control the global economy they are also the ones that most often exploit the resources of semi periphery and periphery countries
Semi periphery countries are export goods from semi periphery countries to core countries
Periphery countries at the bottom of this global trade these countries will often see their economy become dependent on just a few core countries which leads to the exploration of the country’s cheap labor and raw resource oftentimes it’s difficult for these countries to advance economically since so many of the countries resources are being exported to core countries instead of benefiting the local economy
Commodity dependence
a country has commodity dependent when it exports our primary Commodities such as agricultural products, minerals, or energy. countries that have commodity dependence have lower levels of human development
complementarity
Complementarity happens when one region or place needs goods from another region or place that has the goods it needs; the two regions can satisfy each other’s needs
Comparative advantage
a country has comparative advantage when it is better than another country at producing a particular good or offering some service
Globalization
the term used to describe the increasing sense of interconnection and spatial interaction among governments cultures and economies
Structural adjustments
are requirements attached to a loan from a lending agency like the IMF that refers a country receiving the loan to make economic changes in order to use the loan
Privatization
the selling of publicly operated Industries to market-driven corporations
non-governmental organizations NGOs
Organizations run by Charities and private organization rather than a government agency which provides supplies resources and money to local businesses
Austerity measures
these measures attempt to reduce government spending in debt by cutting benefits for government workers low income wage earners and more
geographies of interdependence
recognizes that countries and regions are mutually dependent on one another for their economies and functions and growth
self-sufficiency approach
advocate for a country to close off its economy and push for internal Improvement rather than growing through international trade
international trade approach
pushes for policies that increase a country’s presence in the global Marketplace
Multinational corporations
mncs
Businesses with headquarters in one country and production facilities in one or more other countries primary agents of globalization
conglomerate corporations
one massive or corporation owns and operates a collection of smaller companies that provides it with specific services and production process
Outsourcing
the practice of an MNC to relocate a piece or all of its manufacturing operations to factories in other countries
Special economic zones sezs
regions that offer special tax breaks eased environmental restrictions and in sentence to attract foreign business investment
Maquiladora zones
Economic zones on its northern border with the US
Sustainable development
is the rate of growth and resource consumption that can be from one generation to another it tends to lessen impacts of pollution and exhaustion of Natural Resources
greenhouse effect
caused by industrial output such as carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere that created Vapor that transformed radiation into heat that rises the Earth temperature
global warming Theory
argues that Earth thrives in temperature is causing negative consequences such as premature melting of the polar ice caps which could rise sea levels and Interruption of oceanic patterns
