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AP Human Geography > UNIT 4 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

state

A

-refers to countries-political units with a population, territorial boundaries, a government, an economy, sovereignty

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2
Q

nation

A

refers to a group of people who share a common culture and identify as a cohesive group

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3
Q

components that make a nation

A

language, religion, a shared history, and territory and cultural elements that form a nation

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4
Q

nation-state

A

a state where the boundaries of the political state match where a nation lives.
not many people in a nation-state live outside the boundaries of the state

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5
Q

multinational state

A

a state that contains more that one nation within its borders

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6
Q

stateless nation

A

a nation that does not have a territory to call its own

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7
Q

autonomous and semi-autonomous regions

A

sections of a state that have an independence from a mainland or a larger political entity and have their own distinct identity.

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8
Q

sovereignty

A

the internationally recognized control a place has over the people and territory within its boundaries.
often the core of everything they want in a nation

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9
Q

advantages and disadvantages of a nation-state

A

the people of nation states often share a common language and history which is an advantage of a nation-state

though there is a lack of diversity because they dominantly consist of one group of people inside the border so many struggle to accept diversity.

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10
Q

self-determination

A

Self-determination is the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments. Sovereignty is the authority of a state to govern itself.

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11
Q

colonialism

A

the practice of a state establishing settlements in another geographic place that does not belong to them

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12
Q

imperialism

A

the process of establishing political social and economic power over a cultural area and other states

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13
Q

in most cases political boundaries drawn by the colonizers were drawn according to…

A

resources available

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14
Q

when colonizers left a states what happens in most cases

A

when colonizer leave and lands become independent states the populations of those states were not unified which fueled ethnonational conflicts

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15
Q

devolution

A

the process of transferring power from central government to one or more regions, often to prevent ethnonational violence

it can often refer to the transfer of power that occurs when a state breaks up and regions that were unified under a central government gain power and independence

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16
Q

what often accelerates independent forces in multinational states and why

A

advances in communication technology
as groups push for more power and regional autonomy can communicate more quickly and broadly

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17
Q

shatterbelt

A

a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals.

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18
Q

choke point

A

a geographic feature such as a valley or bridge located at a strategic point defining political powers

often these places are points of political tension that lead to international conflict

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19
Q

neocolonialism

A

controlling a country by using economic and political influence to influence a country without directly occupying or using military forces

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20
Q

Territoriality

A

people’s deep cultural and economic connection to their land and can it can be essential to their core identity

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21
Q

subsequent boundaries

A

divide space as a result of human interaction and negotiation after a significant settlement has occurred
Ex. Division between Canada and the US is an example of this boundary because it developed as a result of of settlement patterns being negotiated among the colonizers

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22
Q

antecedent boundaries

A

existed before human sttlements
Ex. Kentucky and Indiana grew distinct cultures around an already present divider, the Ohio River

23
Q

Relic Boundaries

A

no longer exist/function, but they still impact the cultural landscape
Ex. The Berlin Wall which no longer serves as an administrative border dividing East and West Berling

24
Q

Superimposed Boundaries

A

forcibly put on the landscape by outside parties, such as invader or an organization (like the United Nations)
Ex. The boundary that created the modern state of Israel was superimposed by the United Nations

25
Q

Geometric political boundaries

A

straight-line boundaries that do not relate to the cultural or physical features of the territories involved
Ex. much of the border between the US and Canada is geometric

26
Q

Consequent boundaries

A

are created to separate territory according to features in cultural landscape,
such as boundaries that divide territories according to where different religious groups live.
can be drawn according to ethnic, religious, economic, or linguistic difference
Ex. when India decolonized it was broken into more than one sovereign states to accommodate differences in culture

27
Q

How are boundaries created to establish limits on soverignty

A

first phase: definition: this is where the exact location of the boundary is legally described and negotiated
second: boundaries are delimited-the boundary’s definition is draw on a map
third: boundaries are demarcate the physical marking of the boundary on a landscape with a dance, line, sign, wall, etc. (not all boundaries do this because of cost)
fourth: boundaries are administered enforced by a government or the people of a boundary that has been created

28
Q

What are some conflicts over boundaries

A

-the language of a border agreement in a treaty, the location of the boundary, how a boundary is operated, and how to divide resources across a boundary

29
Q

political boundaries are often drawn because of…

A

national. economic, or cultural divisions

30
Q

demilitarized zones (DMZ)

A

often are established through treaties or warring militaries.

31
Q

landlocked

A

countries that are landlocked are without coastal access to a body of water: must depend on their neighbors to get water resources for trade and navigation

32
Q

What do maritime boundaries do?

A

shape how states interact in the sea

33
Q

Internal (Sub-national) boundaries

A

impacts how a state functions and reflect the history of the state’s formation and evolution

34
Q

Gerrymandering

A

redrawing electoral boundaries to give a political party and advantage.

35
Q

what does national voting districts impacts

A

national redistricting impacts elections for the House of Representitives

36
Q

The law of the sea

A

made up of a variety of different zones

country (baseline)-> territorial waters-> contiguous zone -> exclusive economic zone -> international waters (anything passed EEZ)

37
Q

what does state local districts impacts

A

local school board representative boundaries can be redrawn which impacts the outcomes of school board elections and who has a voice on the school board

38
Q

states that are smaller in geographic sized and population maybe be more…

A

politically unified but not always

39
Q

unitary governmental structure

A

in which there is one main governmental decision making body for the entire state, smaller,

40
Q

devolution

A

the process of transferring some power from the central government to one or more regional governments

41
Q

Irredentism

A

a movement by a nation to reunite its parts when they have spread across boarders

42
Q

Terrorism

A

using extreme violence to cause political change, another devolutionary factor

43
Q

Ethnic cleansing

A

the systematic genocide of a particular ethnic group can lead to complete devolution of a state

44
Q

ethnic separatism

A

an ethnicity’s advocacy for autonomy

45
Q

Physical boundaries

A

physical featues that seperate a region (bodies of water/mountains)

46
Q

what happens when geographic areas such as mountain ranges isolates a people from its central government

A

it leads to unique cultural landscapes and ethnic identity

47
Q

supernationalism

A

the process of nation states organizing politically and economically into one organization or alliance

48
Q

centrifugal forces

A

forces that cause tension and potentially division within a state.
can lead to complete division of a state
an expulsion of a nation from a state leaving a stateless nation and economic problems

49
Q

Centripetal forces

A

unify a state’s people and regions

49
Q

Centripetal forces

A

unify a state’s people and regions

49
Q

Centripetal forces

A

unify a state’s people and regions

50
Q

unitary state

A

in which there is one main governmental decision making body (nation government) for the entire state, smaller population

51
Q

federal state

A

power is shared in both the nation and regional government: multinational state

AP Human Geography (16 decks)

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