UNIT 4 Flashcards
state
-refers to countries-political units with a population, territorial boundaries, a government, an economy, sovereignty
nation
refers to a group of people who share a common culture and identify as a cohesive group
components that make a nation
language, religion, a shared history, and territory and cultural elements that form a nation
nation-state
a state where the boundaries of the political state match where a nation lives.
not many people in a nation-state live outside the boundaries of the state
multinational state
a state that contains more that one nation within its borders
stateless nation
a nation that does not have a territory to call its own
autonomous and semi-autonomous regions
sections of a state that have an independence from a mainland or a larger political entity and have their own distinct identity.
sovereignty
the internationally recognized control a place has over the people and territory within its boundaries.
often the core of everything they want in a nation
advantages and disadvantages of a nation-state
the people of nation states often share a common language and history which is an advantage of a nation-state
though there is a lack of diversity because they dominantly consist of one group of people inside the border so many struggle to accept diversity.
self-determination
Self-determination is the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments. Sovereignty is the authority of a state to govern itself.
colonialism
the practice of a state establishing settlements in another geographic place that does not belong to them
imperialism
the process of establishing political social and economic power over a cultural area and other states
in most cases political boundaries drawn by the colonizers were drawn according to…
resources available
when colonizers left a states what happens in most cases
when colonizer leave and lands become independent states the populations of those states were not unified which fueled ethnonational conflicts
devolution
the process of transferring power from central government to one or more regions, often to prevent ethnonational violence
it can often refer to the transfer of power that occurs when a state breaks up and regions that were unified under a central government gain power and independence
what often accelerates independent forces in multinational states and why
advances in communication technology
as groups push for more power and regional autonomy can communicate more quickly and broadly
shatterbelt
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals.
choke point
a geographic feature such as a valley or bridge located at a strategic point defining political powers
often these places are points of political tension that lead to international conflict
neocolonialism
controlling a country by using economic and political influence to influence a country without directly occupying or using military forces
Territoriality
people’s deep cultural and economic connection to their land and can it can be essential to their core identity
subsequent boundaries
divide space as a result of human interaction and negotiation after a significant settlement has occurred
Ex. Division between Canada and the US is an example of this boundary because it developed as a result of of settlement patterns being negotiated among the colonizers
antecedent boundaries
existed before human sttlements
Ex. Kentucky and Indiana grew distinct cultures around an already present divider, the Ohio River
Relic Boundaries
no longer exist/function, but they still impact the cultural landscape
Ex. The Berlin Wall which no longer serves as an administrative border dividing East and West Berling
Superimposed Boundaries
forcibly put on the landscape by outside parties, such as invader or an organization (like the United Nations)
Ex. The boundary that created the modern state of Israel was superimposed by the United Nations
Geometric political boundaries
straight-line boundaries that do not relate to the cultural or physical features of the territories involved
Ex. much of the border between the US and Canada is geometric
Consequent boundaries
are created to separate territory according to features in cultural landscape,
such as boundaries that divide territories according to where different religious groups live.
can be drawn according to ethnic, religious, economic, or linguistic difference
Ex. when India decolonized it was broken into more than one sovereign states to accommodate differences in culture
How are boundaries created to establish limits on soverignty
first phase: definition: this is where the exact location of the boundary is legally described and negotiated
second: boundaries are delimited-the boundary’s definition is draw on a map
third: boundaries are demarcate the physical marking of the boundary on a landscape with a dance, line, sign, wall, etc. (not all boundaries do this because of cost)
fourth: boundaries are administered enforced by a government or the people of a boundary that has been created
What are some conflicts over boundaries
-the language of a border agreement in a treaty, the location of the boundary, how a boundary is operated, and how to divide resources across a boundary
political boundaries are often drawn because of…
national. economic, or cultural divisions
demilitarized zones (DMZ)
often are established through treaties or warring militaries.
landlocked
countries that are landlocked are without coastal access to a body of water: must depend on their neighbors to get water resources for trade and navigation
What do maritime boundaries do?
shape how states interact in the sea
Internal (Sub-national) boundaries
impacts how a state functions and reflect the history of the state’s formation and evolution
Gerrymandering
redrawing electoral boundaries to give a political party and advantage.
what does national voting districts impacts
national redistricting impacts elections for the House of Representitives
The law of the sea
made up of a variety of different zones
country (baseline)-> territorial waters-> contiguous zone -> exclusive economic zone -> international waters (anything passed EEZ)
what does state local districts impacts
local school board representative boundaries can be redrawn which impacts the outcomes of school board elections and who has a voice on the school board
states that are smaller in geographic sized and population maybe be more…
politically unified but not always
unitary governmental structure
in which there is one main governmental decision making body for the entire state, smaller,
devolution
the process of transferring some power from the central government to one or more regional governments
Irredentism
a movement by a nation to reunite its parts when they have spread across boarders
Terrorism
using extreme violence to cause political change, another devolutionary factor
Ethnic cleansing
the systematic genocide of a particular ethnic group can lead to complete devolution of a state
ethnic separatism
an ethnicity’s advocacy for autonomy
Physical boundaries
physical featues that seperate a region (bodies of water/mountains)
what happens when geographic areas such as mountain ranges isolates a people from its central government
it leads to unique cultural landscapes and ethnic identity
supernationalism
the process of nation states organizing politically and economically into one organization or alliance
centrifugal forces
forces that cause tension and potentially division within a state.
can lead to complete division of a state
an expulsion of a nation from a state leaving a stateless nation and economic problems
Centripetal forces
unify a state’s people and regions
Centripetal forces
unify a state’s people and regions
Centripetal forces
unify a state’s people and regions
unitary state
in which there is one main governmental decision making body (nation government) for the entire state, smaller population
federal state
power is shared in both the nation and regional government: multinational state
