unit 6 Flashcards
site factors
influenced where cities originated
these factors include: physical and cultural characteristics of a places, climate, natural resources, absolute location
fall lines
areas where a coastal plain meets an Upland region, ships often cannot travel any further without porting once they reach the fall line area
situation factors
Situation factors also are influenced by the distribution of cities. Locations surrounding a place (connections between one place and another)
What are things that affect how a settlement changes
transportation methods improve it allows for people and places to connect more easily
which increases the amount of goods and services being moved between different places.
urban sprawl
the expansion of urban/subrurban areas into the surrounding countryside
how does tech. affects the spacial patterns in urban landscape
a
Pre-industrial cities
Pre-industrial cities developed prior to industrialization. the rural settlements surrounding the urban space provided agricultural products and food stuffs
even in pre-industrialized cities, they served as trade centers and gateways to foreign lands and markets
post industrial cities
economies are focused more on display and consumption rather than on industrial production
what happens As societies continue to advance economically
As societies continue to advance economically more people migrate from rural areas to urban areas which traditionally offer more economic opportunities due to the amount of people and businesses that are located in urban areas
But at the same time increased urbanization also leads to a high population density in a city which often increases rent home prices and reduces the affordability of the city
As urbanization and economic development occur,
we also see changes in a countries demographic,
TFR may decrease because having larger families is less common, and population relies on migration instead of natural birth
Urbanization
migration from rural to urban areas
shock cities
megacities experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization
megacities
cities with over 10 million people
metacities
cities with population of 20+ million people
urbanization in LDC’s
In urbanization of less developed countries, there’s often two or one major cities with a high degree of Primacy or centrality, rather than being spread evenly throughout the country’s landscape, such intensely High rates of urbanization and less developed countries are straining the infrastructure resources of growing cities
many young adults move to urban cities because they are seeking __________
high numbers of oppurtunity
urban sprawl has led to the development of edge cities what are they
Edge cities have their own Economic districts and are located on the outskirts of the city
Edge cities have access the different goods and services that each City offers often have their own shopping mall, and buissnesses
urban decentralization
occurs when people and businesses move away from the urban core and towards settlements in the outskirts of the city this results in certain powers and responsibilities to transfer from the urban core and go to these new settlements on the outskirt of the city
Boomburb
Bloomburb’s developed as suburban areas rapidly grew contributing to the core city’s overall population boom
core
dominant capitalist countries, exploit other countries for labor and raw materials (Developed countries)
Peripheral:
Dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industries (LDCS)
Ex. America sends money to Africa to help them develop and support themselves.
Semi Peripheral
a mix of both peripheral and core
China is a huge economy in the world, but also not as developed as other countries in the world: China’s economy is incredibly reliant on America buying their things
Counter representation
is the increase in rural populations that result from the outmigration of city residents from their city and suburban homes in search of non-urban lifestyles
Exurbs
Rings of wealthier rural communities That Grew just outside the suburbs and were hotbeds of continued Urban growth and development as they have developed they have moved farther away from the city’s
Telecommuting
is a modern form of communicating that involves only communicating of information, through the use of telephone and internet technology
Interdependent
when cities exist in a spider web of interacting cities
Global cities:
have a high influence and degree of centrality on the world Or when they dominate the process of globalization, extending their influence well beyond the boundaries of a country in which they are located
Pan-regional influence:
a reach that extends beyond the city’s own region into the other centers of economic control
Rank Size Rule:
The city’s ranking in the urban hierarchy can be predicted by the rank size for which states that the nth largest cities population size is 1/n the size of a region’s largest city’s population size
Ex. the country’s 2nd largest settlement is roughly ½ the population of the largest settlement (variable does not have to be the same number)
Primate:
The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement.
Example: Mexico city has five times as many people as the second largest city in Mexico.
Positive and negative effects of a primate City:
Positive: provides a country’s economy w/ a global trade presence and large marketplace for economic transactions, improved healthcare systems, they have centralized transportation
Negative: Poverty stricken places, because primate cities gave such a disproportionate dominant presence this can lead to an unequal distribution of resources, population, wealth, power, etc.
Brain drain and its connection to primate cities:
often in a country with a primate city, skilled workers move the primate city draining other cities of needed talent, this is called a brain drain
Central Place Theory:
Layout and distribution of different goods and services and settlements we can see that larger settlements have a larger pull factor there’s allows them to have a larger range and that’s cuz they offer more goods and services and have more opportunities
Specific goods and services have a larger range because people will travel farther distances for them
Threshold
a minimum number of people needed to fuel a particular functions existence in a central place
Urban hierarchy:
A system of cities consisting of various levels
Bid Rent Theory:
looks at the relationship of prices of land to the market/CBD,
the further you go away from the CBD the cheaper the land because population gets smaller and smaller moving from the CBD price for land are lower because there is less demand for the land
Concentric Zone Model:
lower income residents and industries are often located near CBD while wealthier people live farther (this is in the US)
in most other places wealthier people live closer to cbd
A city’s land use can be viewed from above a series of concentric rings
Hoyt’s sector model
observes that Urban Land Use zones of growth are based on Transportation routes and linear features
CBD is center point
Factories and industries aline near transportation systems (highways and railroads)
This is so they can export their goods quicker
Harris and Ullman multi Nuclei model
Suggest that growth occurs independently around several major focal points, like airports, universities, Highway interchanges, and ports
These focal points may be distance from the original CBD and only Loosely connected to it suggesting A reduced dominance of the CBD
The points give unique economic opportunities to residents in that city
Cna cause segregation based off different opportunities in different parts of cities
Galactic model
The CBD is decentralized and Edge cities develop around the CBD connected by automobile beltways and ring roads
Retails and industries move into suburbs
People are living farther from CBD
People travel among edge cites
Latin American city model
Church and Central business district are in the center with wealthier people living closer to the church
Cbd then spine that goes to mall
Spine has most of the high wealth residents
Squatter settlements start to form
As the country develops more people are drawn into the city and more pressure is being put on the urban areas
Sub-Saharan African City Model:
Often have 3 CBS
Shanty towns and squatter settlements form on the Outside of the city (periphery)
They often lack sufficient public services
Face drugs, crimes, diseases
Ex. Kenya
There are ethnic neighborhoods with strong ethnic identities near Mining and Manufacturing zones where people work
Southeastern asia model
Is no CBD
The port is the focal point of the model
Hub of activity is located around the port
Often chinese, foreign Merchants living in the structures form which they are selling Goods near the port
manufacturing those are on the periphery of the city
Urban infilling
This occurs when cities develop areas inside of urban areas that are not yet developed or build out
Urban geomancy
occurs when a developer or government boldly designs a new development to reflect a cultural value
Infrastructure
a cities infrastructure is the system and structures that support the population such as public transformation, emergency health service, airports, water, communication systems, etc.
Blockbusting
when a real estate agent uses racism to “bust up” a block by bringing a minority family into a predominantly white neighborhood and then profiting from all of the real estate turnover that followed
Racial steering / de facto segregation
when a real estate agent would intentionally or unintentionally steer people to buy a home in a neighborhood based on their race
Redlining
process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain minority-occupied urban areas
Inclusionary zones
City policies that require a certain percentage of new construction to be made specifically for people with low or moderate incomes this can lead to more diverse cultural landscapes in urban areas
Gentrification
a process where older Urban zones are rediscovered and renovated by people who move back into the inner city for Suburban fringes
it brings money into Interurban areas thought to be undeveloped and poorer
Uneven development
Urban Development that is not spread equally among a city’s areas, leaving some richly developed and others poor
Disamenity zones/zones of abandonment
Very poorest part of a city
Brownfields
Post industrial city areas that were once developed but are no longer used and can contain suspected pollution or contamination.
Where do fresh food and fruit desserts likely happen
urban areas like Disamenity zones and places with concentrated poverty
___ and ___ sprawl as more people migrate to cities
Urban and suburban
New urbanism
a movement to bring together Trends and Healthy Living sustainable growth in Urban Development
One new Urban Trend includes constructing planned communities, what are they
neighborhoods with master planned housing designs, walkable pathways, security features, etc.
how do geographers use quantitative data
quantitative data from surveys and census taking provide geographers with information about the population composition and size and urban areas
how do geographers use qualitative data
can add deeper understanding to a geographers inquiry into attributes of an area
Sustainability
a process in geography where cities pursue design initiatives in policies that promote their ability to grow and function without exhausting their resources
