unit 6 and 7 notes Flashcards
What is the purpose of commercial agriculture?
Profit
What percentage of farmers are in the labor force for commercial agriculture?
Low because of technology
What is the farm size in commercial agriculture?
Bigger
How is commercial agriculture related to other businesses?
Very connected
What is the purpose of subsistence agriculture?
Feed family/village
What percentage of farmers are in the labor force for subsistence agriculture?
Bigger because labor-intensive work
What is the farm size in subsistence agriculture?
Small (except nomadic herding)
How is subsistence agriculture related to other businesses?
Very little other than local markets
What is agribusiness?
Direct connections between growing and processing, strong government influences, large corporations’ own farms instead of family
What is extensive subsistence agriculture?
Lots of land (Ex. Pastoral nomadism, transhumance)
What is shifting cultivation?
Cleared land is ‘swidden’, frequently using intertillage
What is intensive subsistence agriculture?
Labor intensive, double cropping, terracing
What are the types of commercial agriculture?
Mixed crop and livestock, dairy farming, grain farming, livestock ranching
What is plantation agriculture?
Commercial agriculture in less developed areas with one to two cash crops
What is the cultural landscape in agriculture?
Natural landscape and human modifications aimed at increasing food production
What are the patterns of settlement in extensive agriculture?
Dispersed settlement patterns, farmhouses far from one another
What are the patterns of settlement in intensive agriculture?
Nucleated settlement patterns with villages near the fields
What are the housing styles in rural areas?
Traditional styles such as stone, wood, wattle, and brick
What are the survey patterns in land use?
Rectangular survey system, metes and bounds, long-lot survey system
What are primary activities in rural areas?
Aquaculture, fishing, extractive industries, forestry
What are the consequences of agricultural practices?
Environmental pollution, land cover change, changing diets, role of women in agriculture
What are the debates of sustainability in agriculture?
Biotechnology, GMO’s, aquaculture
What are the challenges of feeding a global population?
Food insecurity, distribution systems, adverse weather, suburbanization
What is urbanization?
The process where a population of urban areas grows
What is a megacity?
Urban population with around 10 million people
What is a central city?
Urban settlement legally incorporated into a self-governing unit known as a municipality
What is a metropolitan statistical area (MSA)?
Measures functional area of an urban settlement
What is a micropolitan statistical area (MA)?
Includes urbanized areas with 10-50 thousand inhabitants
What is a core-based statistical area (CBSA)?
Any one metropolitan statistical area or micropolitan statistical area
What is a combined statistical area (CSA)?
Two or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns
What is an urban area?
Consists of a central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs
What is a central business district (CBD)?
Downtown in cities, usually at or near the original site of settlement
What are edge cities?
Nodes of consumer and business services around the beltway
What is the rank size rule?
Nth largest city is 1/nth of the largest city in a country
What is the gravity model?
Mathematical calculation of likelihood of migration and interaction between two cities
What is the density gradient?
Change in density in an urban area, less houses farther from the city
What is sprawl?
Development of suburbs at low-density and not contiguous to existing built-up areas
What is zoning ordinance?
A law that limits the permitted use of lands and maximum density of development in a community
What is residential segregation?
Housing built for one social class with others excluded
What is commercial segregation?
Residents separated from commercial and manufacturing activities
What is the largest city in a country typically characterized by?
Typically more developed countries with a distribution of services and a greater variety of economic functions.
What does the Gravity Model calculate?
The likelihood of migration and interaction between two cities based on the city’s function.
What are central places in urban areas?
Urban areas with key services for a region.
What is the threshold in urban geography?
The number of consumers needed for a service to be viable.
What does range refer to in urban geography?
The distance customers will travel to access a service.
How are urban areas arranged?
In an orderly hierarchy from metropolises at the top to small villages at the bottom.
What characterizes medium density urban areas?
More detached homes, less expensive, more families, and a mix of public and private transportation.
What are the characteristics of lower density areas?
Larger yards, less money per unit of land, and transportation is more dependent on services like beltways.
What is infilling in urban development?
Development of vacant areas between lower density and urban cones, leading to new edge cities or commercial industrial parks.
What is a hinterland?
Areas outside a central area where people are willing to travel to get services.
What are interruptions in urban geography?
Modes of transportation affected by physical features, political issues, and the internet.
What are the basic and non-basic sectors in urban functions?
Basic sectors bring money into the economy, while non-basic sectors circulate money within the economy.
What is the role of infrastructure in a city’s development?
Political decisions on funding, societal income levels, and environmental impacts are key to infrastructure changes.
What are the challenges of city growth?
Institutional controls like zoning, building codes, environmental issues, and urban heat islands.
What is a disamenity zone?
Areas lacking access to services like healthcare and schools, often associated with crime and poverty.
What are the changes in cities related to development?
Industry, inclusionary zoning, filtering, gentrification, and planned cities.
What is decentralization in urban services?
Services are done in a person’s home.
What is centralization in urban services?
Services move out of homes to cater to more people.
What are responses to urban challenges?
Regional planning efforts, redevelopment of brownfields, establishing urban growth boundaries, and farmland protection policies.
What factors influence industrial locations?
Labor skills, transportation points, and market/resource orientation.
What is Alfred Weber’s least cost theory?
A theory that considers transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs in industrial location.
What is agglomeration?
The clustering of people and activities for economic advantage.
What is development in the post WW2 context?
The extent to which human and natural resources are fully productive.
What are the dependency and commodity dependence theories?
Theories explaining the economic reliance of colonized nations on natural resources and cheap labor.
What is Wallerstein’s world system theory?
A theory categorizing economies into core, periphery, and semi-periphery.
What are Rostow’s stages of development?
Traditional societies, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and age of mass consumption.
What is the primate city rule?
The largest city is more than twice the size of the second largest city, typically in developing countries.
What are ethnic enclaves?
Neighborhoods developed from chain migration.
What is white flight?
The movement of white families to suburbs as people of color move into their neighborhoods.
What are covenant communities?
Agreements not to sell to people of other races or ethnicities (illegal now).
What is redlining?
The practice of marking areas as ‘poor investments’ on maps by banks and federal agencies.
What is blockbusting?
A practice used by real estate agents to profit from white flight.
What is racial steering?
Real estate agents guiding buyers to specific houses based on race.
What is industrialization?
The process that improved the standard of living but also contributed to geographically uneven development.
What initiated the Industrial Revolution?
New technologies in Great Britain that diffused to Europe and the Americas.
What resources were key to industrialization?
Natural, capital, and human resources.
What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on population?
Increased food supplies led to a population increase and a shift to industrial jobs.
What was the growth of the middle class a result of?
The Industrial Revolution.
What did the Industrial Revolution require from investors?
More raw materials and markets (consumers).
What are the primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary economic sectors?
Primary deals with natural resources, secondary manufactures goods, tertiary provides services, quaternary manages data/technology, and quinary involves high-level decision-making.
What does the history of industrial development explain?
Patterns of production, distribution, and consumption on local, regional, and global scales.
