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ap human mine > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 largest religions in the world?

A

Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, & Buddhism. These religions account for 78% of the world’s population.

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2
Q

What are the 3 largest groups of folk religions?

A

Chinese traditional, Primal-Indigenous, & African traditional.

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3
Q

What percentage of the world’s population adheres to ‘other religions’?

A

1% of the world’s population adheres to ‘other religions’, with the top 4 being Juchte, Judaism, Sikhism, & spiritism.

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4
Q

What percentage of the world’s population is not affiliated with religion?

A

16% of the world’s population is not affiliated with religion.

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5
Q

What are universalizing religions?

A

Religions that attempt to be global and appeal to all people.

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6
Q

What are ethnic religions?

A

Religions that appeal to one ethnic or cultural group.

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7
Q

What is atheism?

A

The belief that God does not exist.

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8
Q

What is agnosticism?

A

The belief that the existence of God cannot be proven nor disproven empirically.

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9
Q

Which religions are considered universalizing religions?

A

Christianity, Islam, & Buddhism.

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10
Q

Which religions are considered ethnic religions?

A

Hinduism and folk religions.

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11
Q

In most countries, which religions are most popular?

A

Christianity or Islam.

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12
Q

What percentage of the world’s population lives in a country where their religion is the minority?

A

27% of the world’s population.

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13
Q

What percentage of Latin Americans identify as Christians?

A

90% of Latin Americans identify as Christians.

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14
Q

What percentage of Europeans and North Americans identify as Christians?

A

Less than 70% of Europeans & North Americans identify as Christians.

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15
Q

What is the predominant religion in Central Asia, Southwest Asia, & North Africa?

A

Less than 90% of the population in these regions are Muslim.

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16
Q

What is the religious affiliation in East Asia?

A

Less than half of the people are unaffiliated with a religion.

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17
Q

What is the religious composition in South Asia?

A

2/3 of people are Hindus & 1/3 are Muslims.

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18
Q

What is the religious composition in Southeast Asia?

A

40% are Muslim, 23% are Buddhists, and 23% are Christians.

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19
Q

What is the religious composition in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

2/3 are Christian & 1/3 are Muslim.

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20
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Analyzing the values, knowledge, and behavior of a culture from that culture’s perspective.

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21
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Judging someone else’s culture based on one’s own values or beliefs.

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22
Q

What are types of centripetal and centrifugal forces?

A

Language, Religion, Ethnicity.

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23
Q

Where are more foreign residents found, NYC or Japan?

A

There are more foreign residents in NYC than all of Japan.

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24
Q

What is contagious diffusion in language learning?

A

Learning a language through direct contact with native speakers.

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25
Q

What is hierarchical diffusion in language learning?

A

Learning a language in an area with a leader or government-enforced language.

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26
Q

What is stimulus diffusion?

A

Stimulating a language once moved, though it doesn’t stay the same.

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27
Q

What is relocation diffusion?

A

Moving, not adding or losing speakers, but just moving the language.

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28
Q

What is one cause of language diffusion?

A

Colonialism.

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29
Q

What are the languages of trade and international relations?

A

English, Swahili, and French.

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30
Q

What affects cultural practices at the local scale?

A

Changes tend to be slower & urbanization alters local practices.

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31
Q

What affects cultural practices at a large scale?

A

Globalization leads to quicker changes.

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32
Q

How are many religions divided?

A

Into Congregations, Denominations, & Branches.

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33
Q

What is a congregation?

A

A local assembly of people brought together for worship.

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34
Q

What is a denomination?

A

Unites congregations into a single body or subsection of branches.

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35
Q

What is a branch in religion?

A

A large and fundamental division within a religion.

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36
Q

What are the 3 branches of Christianity?

A

Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox.

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37
Q

What percentage of the world’s Christians are Catholic?

A

50% of the world’s Christians are Catholic.

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38
Q

What percentage of Christians in Europe are Roman Catholic?

A

47% of Christians in Europe are Roman Catholic.

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39
Q

What percentage of Christians in Europe are Protestant?

A

18% of Christians in Europe are Protestant.

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40
Q

What percentage of Christians in Europe are Orthodox?

A

35% of Christians in Europe are Orthodox.

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41
Q

What is the religious segregation in Belfast, Ireland?

A

Roman Catholics & Protestants are very segregated.

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42
Q

What percentage of the Western Hemisphere practices Christianity?

A

Christianity is the most practiced religion in the Western Hemisphere, comprising 87% of that population.

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43
Q

Why were historically Black churches established?

A

They were established post-slavery due to blacks being uncomfortable in white churches.

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44
Q

Where is Islam predominant?

A

In Central Asia, Southwest Asia, & North Africa.

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45
Q

Where is Buddhism predominant?

A

In East Asia & Southeast Asia.

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46
Q

What are the 3 major branches of Buddhism?

A

Mahayana, Theravada, & Vajrayana (also known as Lamaists and Tantrayanists).

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47
Q

What does ‘Islam’ mean in Arabic?

A

‘Submission to the will of God.’

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48
Q

Where are most Muslims located?

A

In Indonesia, Pakistan, India, & Bangladesh.

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49
Q

How is Islam divided?

A

Into 2 branches: Sunni & Shiite (also known as Shia).

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50
Q

What percentage of Muslims are Sunnis?

A

Sunnis comprise 88% of Muslims.

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51
Q

Where do most Shiites live?

A

Around 40% live in Iran, 15% in Pakistan, 12% in India, & 10% in Iraq.

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52
Q

Which country has the largest Muslim population?

A

indonesia

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53
Q

What is the ethnic religion with the most followers?

A

Hinduism, with 1.2 billion adherents.

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54
Q

What are the two most popular portions of Hinduism?

A

Vaishnavism & Shaivism.

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55
Q

What percentage of Hindus are in India?

A

97% of Hindus are in India.

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56
Q

What percentage of the population in India and Nepal are Hindus?

A

Hindus comprise 80% of the population in India & Nepal.

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57
Q

Where are most Primal-Indigenous ethnic religions found?

A

In Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Islands, especially Vietnam & Laos.

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58
Q

What do followers of Primal-Indigenous religions believe?

A

They believe that because God dwells in all things, everything in nature is spiritual.

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59
Q

What does ‘Pagan’ refer to?

A

The practices of ancient peoples, such as Greeks & Romans, who had numerous gods with human forms.

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60
Q

What is syncretism?

A

The combination of several traditions.

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61
Q

What are Chinese traditional religions known for?

A

They are syncretic, combining Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, & other traditional Chinese practices.

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62
Q

What does Confucianism teach?

A

It follows the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing orderly daily conduct and ‘correct behavior’ or ‘li.’

63
Q

What does Taoism focus on?

A

It focuses on the mystical aspects of life and emphasizes studying nature to find one’s place in the world.

64
Q

What is animism?

A

The belief that elements of the natural world are ‘animated’ or have discrete aspects of life.

65
Q

What are the cultural changes attributed to?

A

Media, technological changes, politics, economics, and social relationships.

66
Q

What is time-space convergence?

A

It reshapes & accelerates interactions among people.

67
Q

What is a mentifact?

A

Non-material culture.

68
Q

What is associated with Hinduism & Buddhism?

A

Lotus flavor.

69
Q

What are some things associated with religion?

A

Role of women, clothing, days of the week, burial, sacred locations, use of technology, and prayer times.

70
Q

What is humanism?

A

Believing in reason, science, and human fulfillment.

71
Q

What is Marxism?

A

A classless society without religion.

72
Q

What is atheistic belief?

A

No religious belief.

73
Q

Does the US have a stated religion?

A

No, the US does not have a stated religion (Freedom of Religion).

74
Q

What is the highest group in religion?

A

Religion itself (e.g., Judaism, Christianity, etc.).

75
Q

What is the highest level of division within a religion?

A

Branch (e.g., Sunni, Shia, Catholicism, Orthodox).

76
Q

What is a denomination?

A

A subdivision of a branch (e.g., Methodist, Mennonite, Presbyterian).

77
Q

What is a sect?

A

A breakaway group from a religion, branch, or denomination.

78
Q

How do universalizing religions differ from ethnic religions?

A

Universalizing religions have dispersed while ethnic religions have remained clustered.

79
Q

Where are the hearths of the 3 largest universalizing religions?

A

In Asia: Christianity & Islam in Southwest Asia, Buddhism in South Asia.

80
Q

What is the point of origin for Buddhism?

A

Northeastern India.

81
Q

Who was responsible for the spread of Buddhism?

A

Ashoka, emperor of the Magadhan Empire from 268-732 B.C.E.

82
Q

How did Buddhism diffuse to China?

A

Through trade routes in the 1st century C.E.

83
Q

How did Islam diffuse rapidly?

A

From its point of origin in present-day Saudi Arabia, through military conquest and intermarriage.

84
Q

How did Christianity diffuse?

A

Through relocation (migration) & expansion (additive effect).

85
Q

What was the first phase of relocation diffusion in Christianity?

A

It spread from its hearth in Judea, carried by missionaries.

86
Q

What is the role of missionaries in religion?

A

Individuals who help transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion.

87
Q

What was the dominance of Christianity through the Roman Empire?

A

It happened in the 4th century through hierarchical & contagious diffusion.

88
Q

What was hierarchical diffusion in Christianity?

A

Happened when Emperor Constantine embraced the religion in 313 C.E.

89
Q

What has been happening since 1500 C.E. in Christianity?

A

Contagious diffusion through migration, missionary activity, & European conquest.

90
Q

What type of religious majority exists in Canada (except Quebec) & the USA?

A

Protestant majorities.

91
Q

Which country attracts the most Islamic migrants?

A

Saudi Arabia, with 10% of the world’s Muslims.

92
Q

What are the 4 countries with the highest Islamic populations?

A

Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, & India (43% of Muslims).

93
Q

What is the destination for 73% of Jews who migrate internationally?

A

Israel.

94
Q

Where do Jews trace their land of origin?

A

Back to the land of Israel, established by King David.

95
Q

What is the diaspora?

A

The dispersion of Jews from their land of origin after the Romans gained control.

96
Q

What are ghettos?

A

City neighborhoods set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews.

97
Q

What is Jewish nationalism known as?

A

Zionism.

98
Q

What has been a source of conflict in Asia?

A

Disputes regarding religions, particularly between Jews, Christians, & Muslims.

99
Q

What is fundamentalism?

A

A literal interpretation and strict adherence to the basic principles of a religion.

100
Q

When did fundamentalism begin as a term?

A

In the 19th century for the fundamental principles held by Protestants in the USA.

101
Q

How has fundamentalism been used recently?

A

To refer to groups that mix politics with aspects of their religion.

102
Q

What challenges has South Asian Hinduism faced?

A

It has been forced to react to secular ideas from the West.

103
Q

What challenges does East Asian Buddhism face?

A

It is being challenged by communist perspectives.

104
Q

What was the most vulnerable aspect of Hinduism in the 1800s?

A

Its rigid caste system.

105
Q

What are the four castes in Hinduism?

A

Brahmans (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), & Shudras (agricultural workers).

106
Q

What are Dalits in the caste system?

A

They are the ‘broken/scattered’ and do work considered too dirty for other castes.

107
Q

What percentage of India’s population do Dalits comprise?

A

16%.

108
Q

What affects the type of religion practiced?

A

It depends on an individual’s caste.

109
Q

How have original castes changed over centuries?

A

They have split into thousands of subcastes.

110
Q

What was the government plan regarding untouchables in India?

A

To devise a quota system to give untouchables more places in universities.

111
Q

How do people looking to marry advertise their caste?

A

They specify their caste and the castes they are willing to marry.

112
Q

What challenges did organized religion face in the 20th century?

A

It was challenged by communist regimes that discouraged religious belief & practice.

113
Q

What did Karl Marx call religion?

A

‘The opium of the people.’

114
Q

What became the official doctrine of the Soviet Union?

A

Marxism, sharply reducing the role of religion in Soviet life.

115
Q

What happened to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1721?

A

Czar Peter the Great made it a part of the Russian Government.

116
Q

What happened after the end of communist rule in Eastern Europe?

A

There was a religious revival, especially where Roman Catholics are most prevalent.

117
Q

What is the religious composition of countries in Central Asia that were once part of the Soviet Union?

A

They are now predominantly Muslim.

118
Q

What is the conflict in China regarding Buddhism?

A

There is acute conflict between the doctrine of communism & the authority of Buddhist religious leaders.

119
Q

What is Tibet known for?

A

It is the traditional home of the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, the Dalai Lama.

120
Q

What happened to Tibet in 1950?

A

China invaded Tibet and named it Xizang Province.

121
Q

What do Tibetan Buddhists believe about the Dalai Lama?

A

They believe that when the Dalai Lama dies, his spirit enters the body of a child for reincarnation.

122
Q

What happened after the unsuccessful rebellion against Chinese rule in Tibet?

A

Tens of thousands of Tibetans died, and many were forced to immigrate.

123
Q

What has been a long-standing conflict in the Middle East?

A

Jews, Christians, & Muslims have fought for centuries to control the region.

124
Q

What do tensions between Jews, Christians, & Muslims stem from?

A

Their shared heritage.

125
Q

Why is the land of Israel considered holy in Judaism?

A

It is the origin of Judaism, with Jerusalem as its holiest city.

126
Q

What historical event occurred around 3,000 years ago in Israel?

A

David established the Kingdom of Israel, with Jerusalem as its capital.

127
Q

What happened after the Romans gained control of the Kingdom of Israel?

A

They expelled Jews, allowing only a minority to live there until the 20th century.

128
Q

Why is the Middle East considered holy in Christianity?

A

Due to the events in Jesus’ life & death occurring there.

129
Q

What happened in the 7th century C.E. in the Middle East?

A

Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula captured most of the region, including Palestine.

130
Q

What were the Crusades?

A

Military campaigns launched by European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Islamic conquerors.

131
Q

What was the outcome of the Crusades?

A

They ended when Muslims defeated Christians at Acre in 1291.

132
Q

What empire controlled Palestine between 1516 & 1917?

A

The Islamic Ottoman Empire.

133
Q

What happened after escalated violence post-WWII in Palestine?

A

The British announced their withdrawal.

134
Q

What did the U.N. vote in 1947 regarding Palestine?

A

To partition the U.K. Palestine Mandate.

135
Q

What was the impact of the Crusades?

A

Military campaigns launched by European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Islamic conquerors, lasting about 200 years. Ended when Muslims defeated Christians at Acre in 1291.

136
Q

When did the Islamic Ottoman Empire control Palestine?

A

Between 1516 and 1917.

137
Q

What did the U.N. vote in 1947 regarding Palestine?

A

The U.N. voted to partition the U.K. Palestine Mandate into two states, which was enforced in 1948.

138
Q

What happened during the 1948-1949 war?

A

On the day after Israel gained independence, five Arab states began a war. Israel survived, and combatants signed an armistice in 1949, extending Israel’s boundaries and giving Egypt control of the Gaza Strip.

139
Q

What was the outcome of the 1956 Suez War?

A

Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and blockaded international waterways. Israel, France, and the U.K. fought to regain control of the waterways, but Egypt remained in control of the Suez.

140
Q

What occurred during the 1967 Six-Day War?

A

Israel launched an attack on troops blocking its waterways and captured territory in Jordan, Syria, and Egypt.

141
Q

What was significant about the 1973 Yom Kippur War?

A

A surprise attack on Israel by its neighbors occurred on the Jewish holiest day of the year, but nothing changed.

142
Q

What was the Peace Treaty signed in 1979?

A

Egypt’s president and Israel’s Prime Minister signed a Peace Treaty, where Israel withdrew from Gaza and returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, leaving it in full Palestinian control.

143
Q

What geographical factors affect Israel’s vulnerability?

A

Israel is small, with nearly all Israelis living within 12 miles of an international border, making them vulnerable to attack.

144
Q

What are the three physical regions Israel considers when assessing its neighbors?

A

The coastal plain along the Mediterranean Sea, a series of high hills, and the Jordan River valley.

145
Q

What territories does Israel still control?

A

Israel still has control over the Golan Heights and the West Bank.

146
Q

What is the demographic composition of the West Bank?

A

Jews comprise 20% of the West Bank’s population, and Palestinians see this immigration as a hostile act.

147
Q

What is the purpose of the borders set up by Israel around the West Bank?

A

To deter Palestinian suicide bombers.

148
Q

How do Israelis and Palestinians refer to the West Bank border?

A

Israelis call it ‘a security fence,’ while Palestinians call it a ‘racial segregation wall.’

149
Q

Who considers themselves Palestinian?

A

People living in West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem territories; Arab Israelis; those who fled Israel after the 1948-1949 war; those who fled West Bank or Gaza after the 1967 Six-Day War; and some citizens of other countries including Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia.

150
Q

What are the main political factions among Palestinians?

A

Fatah, which is willing to recognize the State of Israel in exchange for land, and Hamas, which does not recognize Israel and wants to continue fighting for territory.

151
Q

What is the significance of Jerusalem to Jews?

A

Jerusalem is home to the Jewish Temple, their center of life and worship.

152
Q

What is the Western Wall?

A

A wall built around Jerusalem’s second Temple, also known as the ‘Wailing Wall’ by Christians and Muslims. Jews were allowed to visit it only once a year to lament the Temple’s destruction.

153
Q

What is the Dome of the Rock?

A

The most important Muslim structure in Jerusalem, completed in 691 C.E. Muslims believe it is where Muhammad ascended to heaven and where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son.

154
Q

What is located south of the Dome of the Rock?

A

The al-Aqsa Mosque, built on top of the Temple Mount, which is holy to both Jews and Muslims.

ap human mine (10 decks)

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