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ap human mine > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain

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2
Q

what to things does carrying capacity derive from

A

natural environment and human actions

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3
Q

overpopulation

A

number of people exeeds carrying capacity

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4
Q

demography

A

study of population characteristics

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5
Q

what are the two problems with the census

A

non participation and sampling (techniques used get a more accurate count & more info)

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6
Q

what people cluster around

A

low lying areas
fertile soil
temperate climates
water/ocean

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7
Q

what people don’t cluster around

A

too dry
too wet
too cold
too mountinous

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8
Q

concentration on a cartogram

A

depicts the sizes of countries according to populations

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9
Q

ecmene

A

area occupies by permanent human settlement

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10
Q

density

A

the frequency at which something exists withing a given unit of area

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11
Q

population density

A

the number of humans living withing a certain area

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11
Q

arithmetic density

A

total number of objects in an area

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12
Q

how to calculate arithmetic density

A

number of people/land area

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13
Q

psychological density

A

number of people per unit of arable land

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14
Q

agricultural density

A

rate of number of farmers to agricultural land

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15
Q

which type of density answers “where” and what does it do

A

arithmetic density and it compares the number of people in different regions

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16
Q

what type of density compares arithmetic density and psychological density and what does it do

A

psychological density and it helps to understand the capacity of land

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17
Q

what type of density accounts for economic differences

A

agricultural density

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18
Q

arable land

A

land suitable for agriculture

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19
Q

natural increase rate

A

% by which population grows each year

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20
Q

when is the natural increase rate natural

A

when the country’s growth excludes migration

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21
Q

when did the NIR peak

A

1960

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22
Q

doubling time

A

number of years needed to double population

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23
Q

when does natural increase occur

A

when births exceed deaths

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24
Q

crude birth rate

A

number of births in a year for every 1000 people alive

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25
Q

total fertility rate

A

number of births in society

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26
Q

infant mortality rate

A

annual number of deaths of children who are less that one year old compared to live births

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27
Q

crude death rate

A

number of deaths a year for every 1,000 people alive

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28
Q

demographic transition

A

change in a society’s population from high crude death/birth rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low cbr/cdr, low natural increase, and higher total population

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29
Q

what are the 4 stages of demographic transition characterized by

A

-drop in death rate that comes from technological innovation
- drop in birth rate that comes from changing social customs

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30
Q

stage one of dt

A

-high cbr
- high cdr
-low nir

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31
Q

stage 2 of dt

A

-high cbr
-rapidly declining cdr
-very high nir

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32
Q

what caused some countries to transition to stage 2 of dt

A

industrial revolution/medical revolution

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33
Q

stage 3 of dt

A

-rapidly declining cbr
-moderately declining cdr
-moderate nir

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34
Q

what caused some countries to transition to stage 3 of dt

A

woman joining the workforce/gaining better education

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35
Q

stage 4 of dt

A

-very low cbr
-low or slightly increasing cdr
-0 or negative nir
-zero population growth

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36
Q

zero population growth

A

when cbr=cdr and NIR approaches 0

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37
Q

what causes some countries to transition to stage 4 of dt

A

the country advances in the service economy

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38
Q

stage 5 of dt

A

-low cdr
-cbr not yet determined
-little change in nir

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39
Q

what causes a country to transition to stage 5 of dt

A

when a population as a whole ages

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40
Q

what physical factors influence distribution of human population

A

climate and land forms

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41
Q

human factors that influence the distribution population

A

culture, economics, history/politics

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42
Q

what is the number one factor that influences the distribution population

A

economics

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43
Q

what do population distribution factors change with

A

scale of analysis

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44
Q

what three things help to measure population density

A

arithmetic density, physiological density, agricultural density.

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45
Q

why are types of density important

A

pressure on the land
Environmental impact (pollution)
availability of resources

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46
Q

what are the political impacts of population distribution

A

demand for housing, infrastructure, representation, and education services

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47
Q

what are the 2 economic impacts of population distribution

A

-demand for employment
-tax base

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48
Q

what are the 4 social impact of population distribution

A

-entertainment opportunities
-diversity
-spread of diseases
-availability of healthcare

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49
Q

who studies population statistics

A

-demographers (human population by the numbers)
-population geographers (study human population in relation to spatial factors)

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50
Q

rates definition

A

frequency of an event

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51
Q

cohorts definition

A

measure that refers to data about a population with specific characteristics

52
Q

give an example of a rate

A

cbr, cdr, imr, rni

53
Q

give an example of a cohort

A

baby boomers/age groups

54
Q

what geographic features contribute to high birth rates

A

agricultural and rural areas

55
Q

what geographic factors contribute to low birth rates

A

industrialized and urbanized areas

56
Q

which country is the exception to the typical low birth rate

A

china bc of the one-child policy

57
Q

tfr

A

the measure of a adverage number of kids born to a woman in a life time

58
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of how diseases spread and can be controlled in a population

59
Q

epidemic transition

A

targets specific health risks at each stage of the demographic transition

60
Q

what does epidemic transition rely on

A

scale and connection

61
Q

which sex faces more profound health risks

A

females

62
Q

what does mmr mean

A

maternal maternity rate

63
Q

maternal maternity rate

A

annual # of femal deaths per 100,000 live births when the cause is related to pregnancy

64
Q

what are some common causes of mmr

A

high blood pressure, heavy bleeding

65
Q

why is mmr higher in the us

A

some people cant pay for health care

66
Q

in which countries do 700,000 are “missing” yearly due to gender-based sex selection

A

china, india

67
Q

sex ratio

A

of males per 100 females in a population

68
Q

how do we know that females go missing

A

sex ratio

69
Q

what is the standard biological level for humans at birth

A

105 males for every 100 females

70
Q

what is the root cause of unequal sex ratio

A

gender equality

71
Q

why do girls go missing in china

A

parents want more boys because boys are believed to do better economically

72
Q

is the population of young people high or low in stage 2 of the demographic transition

A

high

73
Q

is the population of old people high or low in stage 2 of the demographic transition

A

low

74
Q

is the population of old people high or low in stage 4 of the demographic transition

A

high

75
Q

is the population of young people high or low in stage 4 of the demographic transition

A

low

76
Q

life expectancy

A

adverage number of years someone is expected to live given current social, economical, and medical conditions

77
Q

what econimic standing must a country be in for it´s population to live longer

A

high (wealthy)

78
Q

what happens related to income the high you go on the demographic transition

A

need more income after retierment

79
Q

potential support ratio/elderly support ratio

A

number of working age people divided by number of people 65 or older

80
Q

dependency ratio

A

the number of people who are too old or young to work compared to those who can

81
Q

pronatalist policy

A

government policy that supports higher birth rates

82
Q

antinatalist policy

A

government policy that supports lower birth rates

83
Q

what two countries take up 1/3 of the worlds poluation

A

china and india

84
Q

what two major countries instituted the antinatalist

A

china and india

85
Q

what are some facts about china family planning

A

-one child policy in the core
-a family needs a permit to have a kid
-those who agree with the one child policy reap benefits
-contraceptives, abortions, and sterilizations are free
-china´s cbr and nir have declined

86
Q

india family planning facts

A

-first to introduce family planning
-government provided birth control benefits and legalized abortions
-set up camps to perform sterilizations
-people fear of being forcefully sterilized
-sterilization is the dominant form of birth control

87
Q

what is one major approach to lowering cbr

A

education and health care

88
Q

what are reasons for a possible stage 5 of epidemiologic transition

A

education, poverty, diffusion

89
Q

thomas malthus

A

argued that global rate of population increase is greater that the development of food supplies

90
Q

malthus’ reasoning

A

population increased geometrically and food supply increased arithmetically

91
Q

ecumene

A

perminately human populated land

92
Q

neo malthusians

A

argue that more than food will become scarce

93
Q

who currently has the longest life expectancy

A

japan

94
Q

what does census data help track

A

cdr, cbr, life expectancy

95
Q

what does a population pyramid help vizualise

A

dependency

96
Q

what is stage one of the epidemiological transition model called

A

pestilence and famin

97
Q

what happens in stage one of the epidemiologic transition model

A

-epidemics and pandemics are main cause of death

98
Q

what is stage two of the epidemiological transition model called

A

receeding pandemics

99
Q

what happens in stage two of the epidemiologic transition model

A

-improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine

100
Q

who fixed chlorea

A

john snow

101
Q

what is stage three of the epidemiological transition model called

A

regenerative diseases

102
Q

what happens in stage three of the epidemiologic transition model

A

-decrease in deaths from disease
-increase in chronic disorders associated with aging

103
Q

what is stage four of the epidemiological transition model called

A

delayed degenerative and lifestyle diseases

104
Q

what happens in stage four of the epidemiologic transition model

A

-life expectancy is extended
-cardiovascular diseases/cancer lingers
-behavioral changes to improve health
-death rates increase due to drugs, nutritious food, and opioid use

105
Q

intervening obsitcal

A

the environmental or political feature that hinders migration

106
Q

step migration

A

migration that follows a path of series of steps/stages toward a final destination

107
Q

floodplain

A

area subject to flooding during a specific number of years

108
Q

who is the largest recieving country of people in search of work from south and east asia

A

US

109
Q

remittance

A

the transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

110
Q

ravenstiens theory patterns

A

-most long-distance migrants where male
-most long-distance migrants where adult individuals rather than families with kids
-most immigrants where yound adults
-

111
Q

where was ravenstien wrong

A
112
Q

brain drain

A

large scale emigration by talented people

113
Q

guest worker

A

people from other, poorer countries are allowed to temararily immigrate to obtain jobs

114
Q

circular migration

A

temorary movement of migrant workers between home and host countries to seek employment

115
Q

anti imigration parties

A

political parties that are hostile toward immigrants

116
Q

lees push and pull theory

A

intervening obstacles can be physical features financial barriers, or political parties

117
Q

what are migration patterns withing the US

A

western expansion,
-great migration,
-rural to urban then urban to suburban,
-counter urbanization

118
Q

ravensteins laws of migration

A

number of migrants to a destination declines as the distance they must travel increases

119
Q

what did ravenstein think about long distance migrants

A

-young
-male
-without family

120
Q

what are international migration flows determined by

A

the political policies of countries but the policies chang over time

121
Q

what are countries goals that encourage migration policies

A

-need for highly skilled labor
-need for general labor

122
Q

what are countries goals that limit migration policies

A

-limit population growth
-racism/ethnocentrism

123
Q

what are the top migrant host countries

A

germany, russia, saudi arabia, US

124
Q

what are the top countries that except the most migrants

A

germany, US, spain

125
Q

what countries are currently in stage 2 of dtm

A

Niger, Uganda, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bolivia

126
Q

what countries are in stage 3 of dtm

A

Botswana, Colombia, India, Jamaica, Kenya,

127
Q

what countries are in stage 4 of dtm

A

Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Brazil,

128
Q

what countries are in stage 5 of dtm

A

Croatia, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal and Ukraine

ap human mine (8 decks)

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