unit 2 Flashcards
carrying capacity
maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain
what to things does carrying capacity derive from
natural environment and human actions
overpopulation
number of people exeeds carrying capacity
demography
study of population characteristics
what are the two problems with the census
non participation and sampling (techniques used get a more accurate count & more info)
what people cluster around
low lying areas
fertile soil
temperate climates
water/ocean
what people don’t cluster around
too dry
too wet
too cold
too mountinous
concentration on a cartogram
depicts the sizes of countries according to populations
ecmene
area occupies by permanent human settlement
density
the frequency at which something exists withing a given unit of area
population density
the number of humans living withing a certain area
arithmetic density
total number of objects in an area
how to calculate arithmetic density
number of people/land area
psychological density
number of people per unit of arable land
agricultural density
rate of number of farmers to agricultural land
which type of density answers “where” and what does it do
arithmetic density and it compares the number of people in different regions
what type of density compares arithmetic density and psychological density and what does it do
psychological density and it helps to understand the capacity of land
what type of density accounts for economic differences
agricultural density
arable land
land suitable for agriculture
natural increase rate
% by which population grows each year
when is the natural increase rate natural
when the country’s growth excludes migration
when did the NIR peak
1960
doubling time
number of years needed to double population
when does natural increase occur
when births exceed deaths
crude birth rate
number of births in a year for every 1000 people alive
total fertility rate
number of births in society
infant mortality rate
annual number of deaths of children who are less that one year old compared to live births
crude death rate
number of deaths a year for every 1,000 people alive
demographic transition
change in a society’s population from high crude death/birth rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low cbr/cdr, low natural increase, and higher total population
what are the 4 stages of demographic transition characterized by
-drop in death rate that comes from technological innovation
- drop in birth rate that comes from changing social customs
stage one of dt
-high cbr
- high cdr
-low nir
stage 2 of dt
-high cbr
-rapidly declining cdr
-very high nir
what caused some countries to transition to stage 2 of dt
industrial revolution/medical revolution
stage 3 of dt
-rapidly declining cbr
-moderately declining cdr
-moderate nir
what caused some countries to transition to stage 3 of dt
woman joining the workforce/gaining better education
stage 4 of dt
-very low cbr
-low or slightly increasing cdr
-0 or negative nir
-zero population growth
zero population growth
when cbr=cdr and NIR approaches 0
what causes some countries to transition to stage 4 of dt
the country advances in the service economy
stage 5 of dt
-low cdr
-cbr not yet determined
-little change in nir
what causes a country to transition to stage 5 of dt
when a population as a whole ages
what physical factors influence distribution of human population
climate and land forms
human factors that influence the distribution population
culture, economics, history/politics
what is the number one factor that influences the distribution population
economics
what do population distribution factors change with
scale of analysis
what three things help to measure population density
arithmetic density, physiological density, agricultural density.
why are types of density important
pressure on the land
Environmental impact (pollution)
availability of resources
what are the political impacts of population distribution
demand for housing, infrastructure, representation, and education services
what are the 2 economic impacts of population distribution
-demand for employment
-tax base
what are the 4 social impact of population distribution
-entertainment opportunities
-diversity
-spread of diseases
-availability of healthcare
who studies population statistics
-demographers (human population by the numbers)
-population geographers (study human population in relation to spatial factors)
rates definition
frequency of an event
cohorts definition
measure that refers to data about a population with specific characteristics
give an example of a rate
cbr, cdr, imr, rni
give an example of a cohort
baby boomers/age groups
what geographic features contribute to high birth rates
agricultural and rural areas
what geographic factors contribute to low birth rates
industrialized and urbanized areas
which country is the exception to the typical low birth rate
china bc of the one-child policy
tfr
the measure of a adverage number of kids born to a woman in a life time
epidemiology
the study of how diseases spread and can be controlled in a population
epidemic transition
targets specific health risks at each stage of the demographic transition
what does epidemic transition rely on
scale and connection
which sex faces more profound health risks
females
what does mmr mean
maternal maternity rate
maternal maternity rate
annual # of femal deaths per 100,000 live births when the cause is related to pregnancy
what are some common causes of mmr
high blood pressure, heavy bleeding
why is mmr higher in the us
some people cant pay for health care
in which countries do 700,000 are “missing” yearly due to gender-based sex selection
china, india
sex ratio
of males per 100 females in a population
how do we know that females go missing
sex ratio
what is the standard biological level for humans at birth
105 males for every 100 females
what is the root cause of unequal sex ratio
gender equality
why do girls go missing in china
parents want more boys because boys are believed to do better economically
is the population of young people high or low in stage 2 of the demographic transition
high
is the population of old people high or low in stage 2 of the demographic transition
low
is the population of old people high or low in stage 4 of the demographic transition
high
is the population of young people high or low in stage 4 of the demographic transition
low
life expectancy
adverage number of years someone is expected to live given current social, economical, and medical conditions
what econimic standing must a country be in for it´s population to live longer
high (wealthy)
what happens related to income the high you go on the demographic transition
need more income after retierment
potential support ratio/elderly support ratio
number of working age people divided by number of people 65 or older
dependency ratio
the number of people who are too old or young to work compared to those who can
pronatalist policy
government policy that supports higher birth rates
antinatalist policy
government policy that supports lower birth rates
what two countries take up 1/3 of the worlds poluation
china and india
what two major countries instituted the antinatalist
china and india
what are some facts about china family planning
-one child policy in the core
-a family needs a permit to have a kid
-those who agree with the one child policy reap benefits
-contraceptives, abortions, and sterilizations are free
-china´s cbr and nir have declined
india family planning facts
-first to introduce family planning
-government provided birth control benefits and legalized abortions
-set up camps to perform sterilizations
-people fear of being forcefully sterilized
-sterilization is the dominant form of birth control
what is one major approach to lowering cbr
education and health care
what are reasons for a possible stage 5 of epidemiologic transition
education, poverty, diffusion
thomas malthus
argued that global rate of population increase is greater that the development of food supplies
malthus’ reasoning
population increased geometrically and food supply increased arithmetically
ecumene
perminately human populated land
neo malthusians
argue that more than food will become scarce
who currently has the longest life expectancy
japan
what does census data help track
cdr, cbr, life expectancy
what does a population pyramid help vizualise
dependency
what is stage one of the epidemiological transition model called
pestilence and famin
what happens in stage one of the epidemiologic transition model
-epidemics and pandemics are main cause of death
what is stage two of the epidemiological transition model called
receeding pandemics
what happens in stage two of the epidemiologic transition model
-improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine
who fixed chlorea
john snow
what is stage three of the epidemiological transition model called
regenerative diseases
what happens in stage three of the epidemiologic transition model
-decrease in deaths from disease
-increase in chronic disorders associated with aging
what is stage four of the epidemiological transition model called
delayed degenerative and lifestyle diseases
what happens in stage four of the epidemiologic transition model
-life expectancy is extended
-cardiovascular diseases/cancer lingers
-behavioral changes to improve health
-death rates increase due to drugs, nutritious food, and opioid use
intervening obsitcal
the environmental or political feature that hinders migration
step migration
migration that follows a path of series of steps/stages toward a final destination
floodplain
area subject to flooding during a specific number of years
who is the largest recieving country of people in search of work from south and east asia
US
remittance
the transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated
ravenstiens theory patterns
-most long-distance migrants where male
-most long-distance migrants where adult individuals rather than families with kids
-most immigrants where yound adults
-
where was ravenstien wrong
brain drain
large scale emigration by talented people
guest worker
people from other, poorer countries are allowed to temararily immigrate to obtain jobs
circular migration
temorary movement of migrant workers between home and host countries to seek employment
anti imigration parties
political parties that are hostile toward immigrants
lees push and pull theory
intervening obstacles can be physical features financial barriers, or political parties
what are migration patterns withing the US
western expansion,
-great migration,
-rural to urban then urban to suburban,
-counter urbanization
ravensteins laws of migration
number of migrants to a destination declines as the distance they must travel increases
what did ravenstein think about long distance migrants
-young
-male
-without family
what are international migration flows determined by
the political policies of countries but the policies chang over time
what are countries goals that encourage migration policies
-need for highly skilled labor
-need for general labor
what are countries goals that limit migration policies
-limit population growth
-racism/ethnocentrism
what are the top migrant host countries
germany, russia, saudi arabia, US
what are the top countries that except the most migrants
germany, US, spain
what countries are currently in stage 2 of dtm
Niger, Uganda, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bolivia
what countries are in stage 3 of dtm
Botswana, Colombia, India, Jamaica, Kenya,
what countries are in stage 4 of dtm
Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Brazil,
what countries are in stage 5 of dtm
Croatia, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal and Ukraine
