Unit 1 full Flashcards
who invented the term “geography”
Eratosthenes
what does the term geography literally mean
earth writing
what do human geography and history rely on
human activity
what can geographers do that historians can’t
they can travel to study
what do geographers identify that historians don’t
locations
what do geographers explain that historians don’t
why human activities are found near each other
what do geographers ask that historians don’t
where?
what do geographers organize that historians don’t
material spacially
what geographers recognize that historians don’t
cause and effect geograhically
what are the two main features of human behavior
culture and economy
what is a geographer’s most important tool
a map
in the idea that everywhere on earth is unique, what are the two main concepts
place and region
what is place
specific point on earth
what is region
area of earth defined by characteristics
in the idea that all locations are interrelated, what are the three concepts
scale, space, and connection
what does scale mean
the relationship between portion of earth studied and the whole earth (and example would be climate change)
what does space mean
the gap between two objects
what does connection mean
relationship among people and objects across a barrier of space
what is geographic information science abbreviation
Giscience
what is giscience
the analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies
what is the abbreviation for geographic information system
gis
what is GIS
captures, stores, questions, and displays the geographic data. this produces accurate maps
what is photogrammetry
the science of taking measurements of earths surface from photography
what is remote sensing
the acquisition of earth’s surface data from a satellite or other long-distance method
what is the abbreviation for global positioning system
GPS
what does gps do
determines the precise position of something
what is geotagging
identification and storage of info by latitude and longitude
what is the abbreviation for volunteered geographic information
VGI
what is VGI
the creation and spreading of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals
what are the two subsegments of VGI
citizen sciences and participatory GIS (PGIS)
what is a mashup
a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service. (ex. Google Maps)
what is the abbreviation of application programming interference
API
what is API
a way to connect a list of addresses in a database so they can work together
what is a mental map
a personal map of a specific area on earth
what is a map scale
the relationship of a features size on a map vs earth
what are the three subsegments of map scale
ratio, written, graphic
what is a ratio map scale
the relationship between distances on a map vs earth through measurements
what is written map scale
the relationship between distances on a map vs earth through words
what is a graphic map scale
shows a bar line marking the distance on the Earth’s surface
what do scale sizes on a map differ depending on
the size of the location being portrayed
waht is projection
transferring locations on earths surface to a flat map
is projection accurate
no
what are the 4 types of distortion on a flat map
shape, distance, relative size, and direction
What is the geographic grid
a system of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on earths surface
what are meridians and parallels
two sets of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on earths surface
what is meridian
arcs moving north to south-longitude
what are parallels
arcs parallel to the equator-latitude
what is the prime meridian
0 degrees longitude
what is the prime meridian located
the royal observatory at greenwich, England
where is the equator latitudionally
0 degrees
where is the north pole
90 degrees north
where is the south pole
90 degrees south
what can latitude/longitude be measured more precisely with
Minutes (‘) or Seconds (“)
whats an isoline map
uses lines to connect all the places with particular values
whats a dot distribution map
depicts data through points and shows how those points are clustered together or spread apart
whats a choropleth map
recognizable areas are shaded or patterned to show the measurement of a variable
what is a graduated symbol map
has symbols that change in size according to the value of a variable
cartogram
the size of a country or state is proportional to the value of a variable
whats a refrence map
informs location (political/physical)
whats a thematic map
displays data and locations
what is absolute distance
going from point a to point b
relative distance
more like an estimation, regardless of absolute distance
what do gridlines help with
locating
is latitude or longitude listed first
latitude (except when programming)
what are the four ways maps are distorted
shape of land, area or size, distance, direction
absolute location
coordinates or and address
whats another word for absolute location
site
relative location
where something is in relation or other sites
whats another word for relative location
situation
place
what is unique about a location
placelessness
little to no uniquness
flows
the movement of goods, people, or ideas
distance decay
decrease in activity with increased distance from a hearth (concentration of that activity)
time-space compression
the reduction in time it takes goods, people, and ideas to traverse space due to technology
what are the ways geographers collect and study data
organizations (NASA) and individuals (university students)
what are some other forms of geospatial data
media reports, travel narratives (such as jornals), policy documents, personal interviews, landscape analysis, photographic interpretation
location
a position that something occupies on earth
three ways to identify location
place name, site, and situation
toponym
the name given to a place on earth
why are places named what they are
person, religion, ancient history, origin of the settlers, and features or environment
site
the physical character of a place
absolute location
describes the position of a place in a way that never changes
why is situation valuable
finding an unfamiliar place, understanding the importance of a place
region
any area larger than a point and smaller than earth
what is region applied to
either neighboring countries sharing features, or many localities within a country
cultural landscape
combination of cultural features
what is another way of saying cultural landscape
regional studies
what are the three types of regions
formal, functional, and vernacular
formal region
an area where everyone has one or more distinctive characteristics in common
whats another way of saying formal region
uniform region
functional region
an area organized around a node or focal point
whats another way of saying functional region
nodal region
what are funtional regions used for
to convey info about economic areas
vernacular regions
an area that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity
what is another way of saying vernacular region
perceptual region
culture
a body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together creates the distinct tradition
what do geographers distinguish groups of people according to
cultural characteristics
spacial association
relationship of distribution between features
scale-global to local
the relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole
what are the pieces of scale and cultural change
uniform cultural preferences cause “global” landscapes
little to no variation so that customers know what to expect
despite globalization, cultural differences flourish in many places
what are the pieces of scale and economic change
economic activities in one region are influenced elsewhere
transportation corporations or multinational corporations
corporation decide wages, unions. laborforce, and specialization
space-distribution of features
gap or interval between 2 objects, arrangement of a feature in space is distribution
globalization
force/process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
transnational corporation
conducts research, operates factories, and sells products worldwide
distribution
the arrangement of a feature in space
concentration
the extent of features spread over time
pattern
the geographic arrangement of objects in space
distribution properties- density definition
the frequency of an occurance in space,
feature being measures could be anything area must be measurable
2 measures: the number of feature and size of land area population unrelated to wealth
distribution properties-concentration definition
extent of feature spread over space
distribution properties- density factors
feature being measures could be anything area must be measurable
2 measures: the number of feature and size of land area population unrelated to wealth
distribution properties- concentration factors
close togther=clustered, far apart=dispersed
most clearly compared: two same size areas with same number of objects
used to describe changes in distribution
distribution properties-pattern definition
geometric arrangments of somthing in space
distribution properties-pattern factors
some features organized in geometric patter while other are distributed irregualry
some objects form linear distribution
some objects are arranged in square/grid/rectangles
distribution properties-your space definition
observation of the space around you
scale of analysis
local, national, regional, physical
hearth definition
a place from which innovation originates
hearth factors
-a feature originates in a hearth, then diffuses to other places
-hearths are made by cultural groups wanting to try a new development
-found by documenting the location of nodes and the process where diffusion connects things
-geographers trace features of contemporary US to Europe and asia
what are the two types of diffusion
relocation and expansion
relocation diffusion definition
the spread of an idea through people moving around
relocation diffusion factors
migration for a variety of reason bringing culture
languages such as Spanish, English, franch, and Portuguese began because of this
common currency (euros) used in 12 countries was used to measure this
expansion diffusion definition
spread of a feature from one place to another
hierarchical expansion diffusion
the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of power to other persons or places-innovation diffuse from node to rural
what is hierarchical expansion diffusion encouraged by
modern methods of communication
contagious expansion diffusion
the rapid spread of characteristic through population-no regard to hierarchy
what is contagious expansion diffusion encouraged by
internet use
what is contagious expansion diffusion known on the internet as
a meme
stimulus expansion diffusion
the spread of an underlying principle without characteristic
what is stimulus expansion diffusion encouraged by
new technologies
meme definition
an images that is widely linked
distance decay
diminishing contact due to distance
network
a chain of communication that connects places
components associated with networks
airports “husband spokes”
-provides transportation to a variety of destinations
in the past people used animals, sailboats, and walking
in the modern world, travel may not be necessary to diffuse ideas due to modern tech institutions
assimilation
process by wich a cultures features are altered to resemble another
acculturation
process of culture change resulting from the meeting of 2 groups. changes may be experienced by both groups. but they will keep distant cultural features
syncretism
2 cultures form 1 new culture and elements of 2 groups combine to make a new cultural feature
environmental determinism
human behavior controlled by the environment
possibilism
environment just limits choices not determine cultures
region
one area that shares characteristics
formal region
marked by uniformity, does not have to be contagious
functional/nodal region
what occurs within the area, operational unit
perceptual/ vernicular region
feelings and idea
cultural ecology
study of human-environment relationships
