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ap human mine > Unit 1 full > Flashcards

Unit 1 full Flashcards

1
Q

who invented the term “geography”

A

Eratosthenes

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2
Q

what does the term geography literally mean

A

earth writing

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3
Q

what do human geography and history rely on

A

human activity

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4
Q

what can geographers do that historians can’t

A

they can travel to study

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5
Q

what do geographers identify that historians don’t

A

locations

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6
Q

what do geographers explain that historians don’t

A

why human activities are found near each other

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7
Q

what do geographers ask that historians don’t

A

where?

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8
Q

what do geographers organize that historians don’t

A

material spacially

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9
Q

what geographers recognize that historians don’t

A

cause and effect geograhically

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10
Q

what are the two main features of human behavior

A

culture and economy

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11
Q

what is a geographer’s most important tool

A

a map

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12
Q

in the idea that everywhere on earth is unique, what are the two main concepts

A

place and region

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13
Q

what is place

A

specific point on earth

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14
Q

what is region

A

area of earth defined by characteristics

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15
Q

in the idea that all locations are interrelated, what are the three concepts

A

scale, space, and connection

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16
Q

what does scale mean

A

the relationship between portion of earth studied and the whole earth (and example would be climate change)

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17
Q

what does space mean

A

the gap between two objects

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18
Q

what does connection mean

A

relationship among people and objects across a barrier of space

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19
Q

what is geographic information science abbreviation

A

Giscience

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20
Q

what is giscience

A

the analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies

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21
Q

what is the abbreviation for geographic information system

A

gis

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22
Q

what is GIS

A

captures, stores, questions, and displays the geographic data. this produces accurate maps

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23
Q

what is photogrammetry

A

the science of taking measurements of earths surface from photography

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24
Q

what is remote sensing

A

the acquisition of earth’s surface data from a satellite or other long-distance method

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25
Q

what is the abbreviation for global positioning system

A

GPS

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26
Q

what does gps do

A

determines the precise position of something

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27
Q

what is geotagging

A

identification and storage of info by latitude and longitude

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28
Q

what is the abbreviation for volunteered geographic information

A

VGI

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29
Q

what is VGI

A

the creation and spreading of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals

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30
Q

what are the two subsegments of VGI

A

citizen sciences and participatory GIS (PGIS)

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31
Q

what is a mashup

A

a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service. (ex. Google Maps)

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32
Q

what is the abbreviation of application programming interference

A

API

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33
Q

what is API

A

a way to connect a list of addresses in a database so they can work together

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34
Q

what is a mental map

A

a personal map of a specific area on earth

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35
Q

what is a map scale

A

the relationship of a features size on a map vs earth

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36
Q

what are the three subsegments of map scale

A

ratio, written, graphic

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37
Q

what is a ratio map scale

A

the relationship between distances on a map vs earth through measurements

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38
Q

what is written map scale

A

the relationship between distances on a map vs earth through words

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39
Q

what is a graphic map scale

A

shows a bar line marking the distance on the Earth’s surface

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40
Q

what do scale sizes on a map differ depending on

A

the size of the location being portrayed

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41
Q

waht is projection

A

transferring locations on earths surface to a flat map

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42
Q

is projection accurate

A

no

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43
Q

what are the 4 types of distortion on a flat map

A

shape, distance, relative size, and direction

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44
Q

What is the geographic grid

A

a system of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on earths surface

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45
Q

what are meridians and parallels

A

two sets of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on earths surface

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46
Q

what is meridian

A

arcs moving north to south-longitude

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47
Q

what are parallels

A

arcs parallel to the equator-latitude

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48
Q

what is the prime meridian

A

0 degrees longitude

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49
Q

what is the prime meridian located

A

the royal observatory at greenwich, England

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50
Q

where is the equator latitudionally

A

0 degrees

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51
Q

where is the north pole

A

90 degrees north

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52
Q

where is the south pole

A

90 degrees south

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53
Q

what can latitude/longitude be measured more precisely with

A

Minutes (‘) or Seconds (“)

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54
Q

whats an isoline map

A

uses lines to connect all the places with particular values

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55
Q

whats a dot distribution map

A

depicts data through points and shows how those points are clustered together or spread apart

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56
Q

whats a choropleth map

A

recognizable areas are shaded or patterned to show the measurement of a variable

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57
Q

what is a graduated symbol map

A

has symbols that change in size according to the value of a variable

58
Q

cartogram

A

the size of a country or state is proportional to the value of a variable

59
Q

whats a refrence map

A

informs location (political/physical)

60
Q

whats a thematic map

A

displays data and locations

61
Q

what is absolute distance

A

going from point a to point b

62
Q

relative distance

A

more like an estimation, regardless of absolute distance

63
Q

what do gridlines help with

A

locating

64
Q

is latitude or longitude listed first

A

latitude (except when programming)

65
Q

what are the four ways maps are distorted

A

shape of land, area or size, distance, direction

66
Q

absolute location

A

coordinates or and address

67
Q

whats another word for absolute location

A

site

68
Q

relative location

A

where something is in relation or other sites

69
Q

whats another word for relative location

A

situation

70
Q

place

A

what is unique about a location

71
Q

placelessness

A

little to no uniquness

72
Q

flows

A

the movement of goods, people, or ideas

73
Q

distance decay

A

decrease in activity with increased distance from a hearth (concentration of that activity)

74
Q

time-space compression

A

the reduction in time it takes goods, people, and ideas to traverse space due to technology

75
Q

what are the ways geographers collect and study data

A

organizations (NASA) and individuals (university students)

76
Q

what are some other forms of geospatial data

A

media reports, travel narratives (such as jornals), policy documents, personal interviews, landscape analysis, photographic interpretation

77
Q

location

A

a position that something occupies on earth

78
Q

three ways to identify location

A

place name, site, and situation

79
Q

toponym

A

the name given to a place on earth

80
Q

why are places named what they are

A

person, religion, ancient history, origin of the settlers, and features or environment

81
Q

site

A

the physical character of a place

82
Q

absolute location

A

describes the position of a place in a way that never changes

83
Q

why is situation valuable

A

finding an unfamiliar place, understanding the importance of a place

84
Q

region

A

any area larger than a point and smaller than earth

85
Q

what is region applied to

A

either neighboring countries sharing features, or many localities within a country

86
Q

cultural landscape

A

combination of cultural features

87
Q

what is another way of saying cultural landscape

A

regional studies

88
Q

what are the three types of regions

A

formal, functional, and vernacular

89
Q

formal region

A

an area where everyone has one or more distinctive characteristics in common

90
Q

whats another way of saying formal region

A

uniform region

91
Q

functional region

A

an area organized around a node or focal point

92
Q

whats another way of saying functional region

A

nodal region

93
Q

what are funtional regions used for

A

to convey info about economic areas

94
Q

vernacular regions

A

an area that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity

95
Q

what is another way of saying vernacular region

A

perceptual region

96
Q

culture

A

a body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together creates the distinct tradition

97
Q

what do geographers distinguish groups of people according to

A

cultural characteristics

98
Q

spacial association

A

relationship of distribution between features

99
Q

scale-global to local

A

the relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole

100
Q

what are the pieces of scale and cultural change

A

uniform cultural preferences cause “global” landscapes
little to no variation so that customers know what to expect
despite globalization, cultural differences flourish in many places

101
Q

what are the pieces of scale and economic change

A

economic activities in one region are influenced elsewhere
transportation corporations or multinational corporations
corporation decide wages, unions. laborforce, and specialization

102
Q

space-distribution of features

A

gap or interval between 2 objects, arrangement of a feature in space is distribution

103
Q

globalization

A

force/process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope

104
Q

transnational corporation

A

conducts research, operates factories, and sells products worldwide

105
Q

distribution

A

the arrangement of a feature in space

106
Q

concentration

A

the extent of features spread over time

107
Q

pattern

A

the geographic arrangement of objects in space

108
Q

distribution properties- density definition

A

the frequency of an occurance in space,
feature being measures could be anything area must be measurable
2 measures: the number of feature and size of land area population unrelated to wealth

109
Q

distribution properties-concentration definition

A

extent of feature spread over space

110
Q

distribution properties- density factors

A

feature being measures could be anything area must be measurable
2 measures: the number of feature and size of land area population unrelated to wealth

111
Q

distribution properties- concentration factors

A

close togther=clustered, far apart=dispersed
most clearly compared: two same size areas with same number of objects
used to describe changes in distribution

112
Q

distribution properties-pattern definition

A

geometric arrangments of somthing in space

113
Q

distribution properties-pattern factors

A

some features organized in geometric patter while other are distributed irregualry
some objects form linear distribution
some objects are arranged in square/grid/rectangles

114
Q

distribution properties-your space definition

A

observation of the space around you

115
Q

scale of analysis

A

local, national, regional, physical

116
Q

hearth definition

A

a place from which innovation originates

117
Q

hearth factors

A

-a feature originates in a hearth, then diffuses to other places
-hearths are made by cultural groups wanting to try a new development
-found by documenting the location of nodes and the process where diffusion connects things
-geographers trace features of contemporary US to Europe and asia

118
Q

what are the two types of diffusion

A

relocation and expansion

119
Q

relocation diffusion definition

A

the spread of an idea through people moving around

120
Q

relocation diffusion factors

A

migration for a variety of reason bringing culture
languages such as Spanish, English, franch, and Portuguese began because of this
common currency (euros) used in 12 countries was used to measure this

121
Q

expansion diffusion definition

A

spread of a feature from one place to another

122
Q

hierarchical expansion diffusion

A

the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of power to other persons or places-innovation diffuse from node to rural

123
Q

what is hierarchical expansion diffusion encouraged by

A

modern methods of communication

124
Q

contagious expansion diffusion

A

the rapid spread of characteristic through population-no regard to hierarchy

125
Q

what is contagious expansion diffusion encouraged by

A

internet use

126
Q

what is contagious expansion diffusion known on the internet as

A

a meme

127
Q

stimulus expansion diffusion

A

the spread of an underlying principle without characteristic

128
Q

what is stimulus expansion diffusion encouraged by

A

new technologies

129
Q

meme definition

A

an images that is widely linked

130
Q

distance decay

A

diminishing contact due to distance

131
Q

network

A

a chain of communication that connects places

132
Q

components associated with networks

A

airports “husband spokes”
-provides transportation to a variety of destinations
in the past people used animals, sailboats, and walking
in the modern world, travel may not be necessary to diffuse ideas due to modern tech institutions

133
Q

assimilation

A

process by wich a cultures features are altered to resemble another

134
Q

acculturation

A

process of culture change resulting from the meeting of 2 groups. changes may be experienced by both groups. but they will keep distant cultural features

135
Q

syncretism

A

2 cultures form 1 new culture and elements of 2 groups combine to make a new cultural feature

136
Q

environmental determinism

A

human behavior controlled by the environment

137
Q

possibilism

A

environment just limits choices not determine cultures

138
Q

region

A

one area that shares characteristics

139
Q

formal region

A

marked by uniformity, does not have to be contagious

140
Q

functional/nodal region

A

what occurs within the area, operational unit

141
Q

perceptual/ vernicular region

A

feelings and idea

142
Q

cultural ecology

A

study of human-environment relationships

ap human mine (5 decks)

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