pgs 338-349 and 450-451 Flashcards
when did food trade increase rapidly
21st century
who was the only major food impoting region before ww2
europe
who is the leading importer of food now
japan
who is the leading exporter of grain
the us
what determines who does cash cropping and who does subsistence farming in developing countries
gender roles
who is the source of 90 % of the worlds opium
afganistan
what could pioneers do during the Industrial Revolution
cultivate unhabited land
recently, how fast has the population increased
faster than ag land
von thunen model
shows the influence of proximity to urban markets in the form of ag practiced on a piece of land
what does expanding urban areas contribute to
reducing ag land
pastoral nomads
a form of ag that is adapted to dry lands but effective only at low population densities
desertification
human actions that cause land to deteriorate to a desert-like conditions
whats another name for desertification
semarid land degradation
why to people move away from sahel in norther africa
it suffers from droughts and there is a lack a food due to that
second ag revolution
-started in the UK in the 1600s
-increased productivity
-improvement of crop rotations and breeding livestock
ester boserup
says that population growth influences types of subsistence farming distribution
what does boserup say about subsistence farmers adapting
they adapt to growing populations 2 ways
-adapt to new farming methods
-land is left fallow for shorter periods
what are the 5 stages in reduction of fallow farmland
-forest fallow
-bush fallow
-short fallow
-annual cropping
-multi cropping
forest fallow
fields are cleared and used for 2 years, left fallow for 20 years
bush fallow
fields are cleared and used for 8 years, left fallow for 10 years
short fallow
fields are cleared and used for maybe two years, left fallow for 2 years
annual cropping
fields are used every year, rotated between legumes and roots
multi cropping
fields are used seeral times a year, never left fallow
how is fallowing practiced under shifting cultivation
fields are used for a few years then left fallow for 20 or more years. this supports small populations living at low density
green revolution (3rd ag revolution)
-introduced higher yeilding seeding
-increased fertilizer usage
-machinery is needed
gmos
a living organism that posses a novel combo of genetic material. they were changed to resit bugs, survive in more elements, etc
why are gmos strongly opposed in africa
-health problems
-export problems
-increased dependence on USA
gmo labeling
some countries require amos to be labeled and let people choose with knowledge
organic farming (organic agriculture)
farming that depending on the use of naturally occurring products and prohibits synthetics. crops are grown without herbicides and pesticides
sustainable land management
in the USA farms are more likely to be water logged
conservation tillage
reduces soil erosion and runoff. no tillage leaves soil undisterbed and ridge tillage plants crops ridge tops
ag and water in california
grow rapid despite lack of water
-surface water
-ground water
government policies
USA has 3 policies to improve farmer’s finances:
-avoid crops in excess supply, plant fallow crops, and sell
-will pay farmers for certain law commodities
-buy surplus and detanates/ sells it to foreign govnts
services in rural settlements
-clustered rural settlments: ag based community with close families
-dispersed rural settlement: live on isolated individual farms
circular
open space surrounded by structures, woman construct, livestock in center, seen in africa
linear
buildings along road or river, feild are longest rips, in quebec
cludered (new england settlements)
colonial
dispersed rural settlements
isolated forms, more common in US, colonies don’t mix
enclosure movement
resulted in consolodation of individual strips of land
components of commercial ag
-purpose: profit
-% of farmers in labor force: low bc technology
-farm size: bigger
-relationship to other businesses: very connected
components of subsistence ag
-purpose: feed family/village
-% of farms in labor force: bigger bc labor intesive work
-farm size: small (except nomadic heading)
-relationship to other businesses: very little other than local markets
agribusiness
-direct connections between growing and processing (ex. tysons or perdue own poultry barns on a farmers land and the processing plant that turns the chickens into nuggets)
-strong government influences
-large corperations own farms instead of family
extensive subsistence
-lots of land (ex. pastoral nomadism, transhumans)
-shifting cultivation(slash and burn)=cleared land is swidden
-frequently using intertillage, or mingling of large crops to shelter smaller crops grown together
intensive subsistence
labor intensive
double cropping
terracing
comercial ag
mixed crop and livestock
crops made to be fed to animals
crop rotation
examples of commercial ag
-dairy farming
-grain farming (type of grain varies by climate)
-livestock ranching (moved from open range to enclosed ranches)
commercial ag-medteranian
-little livestock
-small animals
-crops used for human consumption
commercial ag-commercial gardening and fruit farming (truck farming)
specializations
plantation ag
commercial ag in less developed areas
one to two cash crops
examples of extensive farming
-shifting cultivation
-namadic hearding
-ranching
-grain farming
examples of intensive farming
market gardening
plantation
mixed crop/ livestock
dairy farming
cultural landscape
-terraces
-irrigation
-deforestation
-draining wetlands
-all of this is done with the goal to increase food production
what is cultural landscape a mix of
natural landscape and human modification
what does ag landscape reflect
a societies methods of farming and settlement
extensive ag
dispersed settlement patterns
farmhouses far from one another
intesive ag
nucleated settlement patterns with villages near the fluids
what are patterns of settlement are affected by
intensity of crop cultivation
housing styles details-rural
more traditional
housing styles details-wood
build where trees are available
housing styles details-brick
where trees arent availble
housing styles details-stone
andes mountains
housing styles details-wattle
poles and rocks woven together and covered in mud. built in southeast Asia, Africa, amazon river basin
survey patterns
-land surveys are needed where settlement is regulated by law
-rectangular survey system: interior of the US (township and range)
-metes and bounds: natural features of boundaries
-long-lot survey system: french influence narrow lots giving more access to rivers or roads
primary activities in rural areas
-aquacultures and fishing
-extractive industries (mining)
-forestry
interdependence of regions
-food and other ag products are part of the global supply chain
-some countries are highly dependent on one or more export commodities
consequences of ag practices-environmental
-pollution-air soil and water
-land cover change
-desertification
-soil salinization
-conservation efforts
other consequences of ag practices
-changing diets:demand for more chicken, bacon, organis, dairy free, gluten free
-role of women in production
-economic purposes-from food to bio fuel
debates of sustainabillity
biotech-pest resistant crops and biofuels
gmos
aquaculture
interdependence of regions-global food distribution netweks affected by:
-political relationships
-infrastructure
-patterns of world trade
-tarrifs, subsides, bans
debates of sustainability-reduction in biodiversity(climate change) and invasive species
-use of fertilizers
-use of pesticides
patterns of food production and consumption:movement impacting individual food choices
-urban farming
-community-supported ag
-organic farming
-value added specialty crops
-fair trade
-local food movements
-dietary shifts
challenges feeding a global population
-food insecurity
-food desert
-distribution systems
-adverse weather
-suburbanization (land loss, urban sprawl)
challenges of economic/political policies
-distribution systems
-location of food processing facilities
-economies of scale (mass production vs. local food)
-government policies
