still studying Flashcards
What is Fundamentalism?
A strict adherence to specific theological doctrines typically in reaction against modernist theology.
What are Indo-European languages?
A family of languages that includes many of the languages spoken in Europe and parts of Asia.
What is Innovation adoption?
The process by which individuals or groups begin to use new ideas or technologies.
What is Islam?
A monotheistic religion that teaches that there is only one God and that Muhammad is His prophet.
What is Judaism?
The monotheistic religion of the Jewish people, based on the Hebrew Bible.
What is a Language family?
A group of languages that are related through descent from a common ancestor.
What is a Language group?
A set of languages within a language family that share a more recent common ancestor.
What is Material culture?
The physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.
What is Multiculturalism?
The presence of, or support for, multiple cultural traditions within a single jurisdiction.
What is Pidgin?
A simplified form of speech that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different languages.
What is Pilgrimage?
A journey to a sacred place for religious reasons.
What is Relocation diffusion?
The spread of cultural traits through the physical movement of people from one place to another.
What is Secularism?
The principle of separating religion from political, social, and educational institutions.
What is Sequent occupance?
The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, contributing to the cultural landscape.
What is Shamanism?
A practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness to interact with the spirit world.
What is Shintoism?
The indigenous spirituality of Japan, focusing on ritual practices to connect with the divine.
What is Sikhism?
A monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region of India, emphasizing equality and community service.
What is Stimulus diffusion?
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
What are Sunni and Shia?
The two main branches of Islam, differing in beliefs about the rightful successor to Muhammad.
What is Syncretism?
The blending of different religious or cultural beliefs into a new system.
What is Taoism?
A philosophical and religious tradition from China emphasizing living in harmony with the Tao.
What is Theocracy?
A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
What is Zoroastrianism?
One of the world’s oldest monotheistic religions, founded by the prophet Zoroaster in ancient Persia.
What is Animism?
The belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.
What are Artifacts?
Objects made by humans that hold cultural or historical significance.
What is Assimilation?
The process by which individuals or groups adopt the culture of another group, losing their original identity.
What is Buddhism?
A religion and philosophy based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizing the path to enlightenment through meditation and ethical living.
What is a Cargo cult?
A religious movement that arises in response to the arrival of Western goods and technology, often characterized by the belief that ancestral spirits will deliver material wealth.
What is Colonialism?
The practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
What are Communication technologies?
Tools and platforms that facilitate the exchange of information and ideas.
What is Confucianism?
A system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius, focusing on morality, family loyalty, and respect for authority.
What is a Creole?
A stable, fully developed language that arises from the mixing of two or more languages.
What is Cultural convergence?
The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they interact with one another.
What is Cultural divergence?
The process by which a cultural group becomes increasingly different from others.
What is the Cultural core/periphery pattern?
A model that describes the relationship between the core (dominant cultural center) and the periphery (less dominant areas) in a cultural landscape.
What is Cultural relativism?
The practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of another culture.
What are Cultural values?
The core principles and ideals upon which an entire community exists.
What is Ethnicity?
A shared cultural heritage or identity based on common ancestry, language, or culture.
What are Ethnic religions?
Religions that are closely tied to a specific ethnic group.
What is Expansion diffusion?
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to others in an additive process.
What is Gender?
The social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female.
What is the Global cultural landscape?
The global pattern of cultural practices and expressions.
What is Globalization?
The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
What is Hierarchical diffusion?
The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority to other persons or places.
What is Imperialism?
A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
What does Indigenous mean?
Native to a particular region or environment.
What is a Lingua franca?
A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.
What is Media?
The main means of mass communication, such as television, radio, and newspapers.
What is the difference between Monotheism and Polytheism?
Monotheism is the belief in a single deity, while polytheism is the belief in multiple deities.
What does Multilingual mean?
The ability to speak and understand multiple languages.
What is an Official language?
The language that is given a special legal status in a particular country or state.
What is Popular culture?
The set of ideas, practices, and phenomena that are prevalent in mainstream society.
What is Post modern architecture?
A style of architecture that emerged in the late 20th century, characterized by a departure from modernist principles.
What is Religion?
A system of beliefs, practices, and values that relate humanity to the supernatural.
What is Sense of Place?
The emotional and cultural significance that a location holds for individuals or groups.
What is Sharia law?
The Islamic legal system derived from the Quran and Hadith.
What is Symbolism?
The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
What is a Toponym?
A place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature.
What is Time-Space convergence?
The phenomenon where distance between places becomes less significant due to advancements in transportation and communication.
What are Universalizing religions?
Religions that seek to gain followers worldwide, such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.
What are Defined boundaries?
Boundaries that are established by legal documents.
What are Economies of scale?
Cost advantages gained by an increased level of production.
What are Exclusive economic zones?
Sea zones where a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources.
What is the definition of Imperialism?
The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization.
What are Indigenous areas?
Regions inhabited by native populations.
What is Infrastructure?
The basic physical systems of a business or nation, such as roads, bridges, and electricity.
What are International boundaries?
Boundaries that separate different sovereign states.
What is Irredentism?
The political principle of reclaiming lost territory.
What are Maritime boundaries?
Boundaries that define the limits of a state’s jurisdiction over waterways.
What are Nations?
Groups of people who share common cultural characteristics.
What is Neocolonialism?
The use of economic, political, and cultural pressures to control or influence other countries.
What is a Political map?
A map that shows governmental boundaries.
What is Political power?
The ability to influence or control the behavior of people and institutions.
What is Redistricting?
The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries.
What is Self-determination?
The right of people to determine their own political status.
What are Trade agreements?
Contracts between countries that outline the terms of trade.
What are Unitary states?
States governed as a single entity with centralized power.
What are Voting districts?
Geographical areas where voters reside and are represented.
What are Independent states?
States that have full sovereignty and are not subject to external control.
What are International waters?
Waters not under the jurisdiction of any one nation.
What are Multinational states?
States that contain multiple nations within their borders.
What are Multistate nations?
Nations that span across multiple states.
What is Physical geography?
The branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes.
What are Semi-autonomous regions?
Regions that have some degree of self-governance but are still under the authority of a central government.
What is Sovereignty?
The authority of a state to govern itself.
What are Stateless nations?
Nations that do not possess their own state.
What are Commodity chains?
Process of producing and distributing goods.
What are Local food movements?
Efforts to promote consumption of locally grown agricultural products.
What is Ranching?
Raising livestock on large tracts of land.
What is Shifting cultivation?
Agricultural method involving rotation of fields.
What is Sustainability?
Meeting needs without compromising future generations.
What is Von Thunen’s Model?
Land use model based on distance from market.
What is the Global food supply chain?
Process from production to consumption of food globally.
What is Long lot?
A survey method that divides land into long, narrow, ‘ribbon farms’.
By giving each property owner a long farm, each farmer would have equal access to transportation routes either along a road or river. This survey method was introduced by The French and Spanish and can be seen in present-day Canada, Louisiana and Texas.
What are Land use patterns?
Areas of land used for agricultural, industrial, residential, recreational, or other purposes.
What is Land cover?
The vegetation and manufactured structures that cover land.
What is mechanized farming?
Farming with machines such as tractors, combines, or reapers.
What is a Mediterranean climate?
A climate marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters.
What is Metes and Bounds?
A method of describing real estate, using boundary lines with terminal points and angles.
What are mixed crop/livestock systems?
A type of farming in which both plants and animals are raised for profit.
What are Rural Settlement Patterns?
Farms, villages, or towns that have any of the following patterns- dispersed, clustered, or linear.
What are Rural Surveying Methods?
Varied approaches to designating property boundaries in rural regions.
What is Slash and burn?
A farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops.
What is soil degradation?
The loss of some or all of a soil’s ability to support plant growth due to loss of essential nutrients.
What is soil salinization?
In arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind.
(ex. Fertile crescent, southwestern US)
What is specialty farming?
Farming that grows crops to provide small upscale niche markets with fresh produce.
What is Township and range?
A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.
What are Wetlands?
A lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife.
What is Bid-rent theory?
Land value decreases with distance from market.
What is Biotechnology?
Use of technology to enhance biological processes.
What is Community-supported agriculture (CSA)?
Local consumers support farms through subscriptions.
What are Dietary shifts?
Changes in food consumption patterns.
What are Economies of scale?
Cost advantages from increased production.
What is Food insecurity?
Lack of reliable access to sufficient food.
What are Food deserts?
Areas with limited access to affordable healthy food.
What is Irrigation?
Artificial application of water to crops.
What is Organic farming?
Agriculture without synthetic chemicals or GMOs.
What is Pastoral nomadism?
Herding livestock and moving with seasons.
What is Plantation agriculture?
Large-scale farming of cash crops.
What is the Second Agricultural Revolution?
Technological advancements in agriculture post-Industrial Revolution.
What is Urban farming?
Growing food in cities.
What is Agribusiness?
The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes.
What are climatic conditions?
How average weather patterns of an area affects agricultural practices and products.
What is the Developing world?
The less-economically developed regions, in which industrial production is either virtually nonexistent or only developed to a limited degree.
What are Diets?
The kinds of food that a person, animal, or community habitually eats.
What are Export commodities?
Goods that are produced in one country and sold to another.
What are Extensive farming practices?
Agricultural methods that use large areas of land.
What is Fair Trade?
A movement aimed at helping producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions.
What are Family farms?
Farms that are owned and operated by families rather than corporations.
What is the Fertile Crescent?
A historical region in the Middle East known for its rich soils and early agricultural development.
What are Fertilizers?
Substances added to soil to enhance its fertility and promote plant growth.
What is a Genetically modified organism (GMO)?
Organisms whose DNA has been altered for specific traits.
What are Global food distribution networks?
Systems that manage food movement worldwide.
What is the Green Revolution?
The agricultural revolution that increased production through scientifically improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation.
What is the Indus River Valley?
An agricultural hearth along the Indus River.
What is market gardening?
The growing of vegetables or flowers for market.
What is nomadic herding?
Same as pastoral nomadism.
What is the Neolithic Revolution?
First Agricultural Revolution.
What are Pesticides?
Chemicals that kill crop-destroying insects.
What is Subsistence agriculture?
The production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.
What are Terraces?
Steplike ledges cut into mountains to make land suitable for farming.
What is a Tropical climate?
Hot humid climate that produces certain plants, such as cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, maize.
What are Value-added specialty crops?
Increasing the economic value of a commodity through particular production processes, e.g., organic produce, free-range chickens, hormone-free beef.
