Unit 6 - 3

Question 1

Using the earth’s resources and not causing permanent damage to the environment.

Answer 1

Sustainability

Question 2

Developed by urban planners and policy makers to fight urban sprawl and create new vision for cities that are more sustainable and equitable. Focuses on city planning and city transportation systems.

Goals: Make attractive residential neighborhoods that are walkable, develop strong sense of place among residents, ↑ livability by making it safe and easy to navigate, and involve residents and stakeholders in decisions impacting the community.

Slow sprawl by making concentrated growth in compact centers→ MIX BUILDING TYPES

Answer 2

Smart-growth policies

Question 3

Areas of underdeveloped land around an urban area. Limits growth and saves farmland.

Answer 3

Greenbelts

Question 4

Slow population growth and development that could consume and alter communities. Adopt policies to slow outward spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits to encourage a denser, more compact city.

Answer 4

Slow-growth cities

Question 5

1990s, set of strategies to put smart growth in action w/ communities.

Answer 5

New Urbanism

Question 6

Mix of homes and businesses—unlike separate residential and commercial sectors. Also all diff. size and price for socially diverse communities. Vibrant, walkable, shared spaces.

2 obstacles: Existing segregated zoning and people used to tradition

Answer 6

Mixed-use Neighborhoods

Question 7

Process of building up underused lands within a city. Considered smart growth because reusing, not expanding. Opposite of sprawl and leap-frog development.

Ex. Central Park, Colorado, and Civita, California.

Civita—Built onsite of former quarry, now mix of housing types, parks, community centers, commercial zones, and connected by public transit. Promotes sustainability(renewable building materials, solar panels, electric vehicle charging stations, and energy management tools for residents and businesses).

Answer 7

Urban Infill

Question 8

Locates mixed-use residential and business communities near mass transit stops, resulting in more compact communities.

Answer 8

Transportation-oriented Development(TOD)

Question 9

Set of principles that supports sustainable urban designs. Affordable and equitable housing, access to employment and community services, multiple and accessible transport modes, and social and civic engagement.

Answer 9

Livability

Question 10

-Not affordable→ increases in cost of land and housing. Also, congestion and noise contributor.

-Limits personal choice in (single-family) housing, suburban lifestyle, quality schools, and autonomy of car ownership.

-Makes high pop. density which often have higher crime rates and less privacy.

-Unintended ethnic/econ. segregation

-Promotes displacement of low-income and ethnic communities, and destruction of historical buildings and unique places.

Transportation specifically:

-Large upfront costs

-Slow to adjust

Answer 10

Criticisms of smart growth

Question 11

Information that can be counted, measured, or sequenced by numeric value.

Answer 11

Quantitative Data

Question 12

Shows where people live, and descriptions of income, age, gender, ethnicity, race, family size, and more. Used to determine what services are needed and where they should be.

Answer 12

Population Composition

Question 13

Contiguous geographic regions that function as the foundation of a census. In the U.S. = usually 4,000–12,000 people.

Answer 13

Census Tract

Question 14

In a densely populated urban area = often very small, consisting of a single block bounded by 4 streets.

In suburban/rural = usually covers larger area because lower pop. density.

Answer 14

Census Block

Question 15

Primarily based on surveys, field studies, photos, videos, and interviews from people who give personal perceptions and meaningful descriptions.

Answer 15

Qualitative Data

Question 16

-Who gathered the info

-What were the questions asked

-What was the scale of data

-How often/when was the data gathered

-Did people respond accurately

Answer 16

Ways data can be flawed

Question 17

-Poor quality

-Insufficient availability

-Significant unaffordability

Answer 17

Urban housing challenges in Core(MDC) countries

Question 18

European: edge of cities where mass transit lines end and rent is less expensive

North American: concentrated near industrial regions built on eastern side of cities. Rents are lower because of the smells(Multiple nuclei model research).

Answer 18

Where are poorer residential areas in Europe and North American cities?

Question 19

Process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas. Historically more common w/ minorities and poor(investments are considered risky). Name comes from leading institutions identifying the no-loan areas w/ red lines on a map. Reinforces the downward spiral of struggling and predominately minority neighborhoods(no loans = less home ownership which = ↑ poverty).

Answer 19

Redlining

Question 20

Landowners and real estate agents can deny selling/renting property to people based on race, ethnicity, gender, martial status, and religion.

Influence:

-1900s→ < 20% of African Americans owned a home vs. > 46% of white Americans

-2019→ >73% of white were homeowners vs. 42% African American and 47% of Hispanics and Latino Americans.

Illegal in U.S. in 1968(Fair housing act)

Answer 20

Other discriminatory laws/practices

Question 21

When people live in separate neighborhoods based on ethnicity/race. Can be voluntary or involuntary. Enforced through real estate practices, tradition, and violence.

Answer 21

Racial Segregation

Question 22

Real estate practice to enforce segregation. When people of an ethnic group sold their homes after learning that members of another ethnic group were moving into the neighborhood.

Historically in U.S., often middle-class whites leaving as Hispanic and African Americans moved in.

Answer 22

Blockbusting

Question 23

Areas of poverty occupied by a minority group as a result of discrimination. Often feel trapped by social/pol. factors or a lack of econ. opportunity, High % of renters, poorly maintained buildings, and under-funded government services(educational). Can sometimes form from segregated neighborhoods.

Answer 23

Ghettos

Question 24

Offer incentives or developers to set aside a % of housing for low income buyers/renters. But critics say these reduce incentives for investments in new housing.

One reason for shortage of affordable housing in urban neighborhoods: cost of constructing and managing a new building being more than profits made.

Provides decent housing and solid sense of community

Answer 24

Inclusionary Zoning

Question 25

Approach to issues of public housing where city/gov gives rental help dispersing public housing throughout the area.

Opposition: fear that public housing near them will reduce property values and make issues for local communities.

Allows children better access to local schools and elderly access to amenities in rich neighborhoods.

Answer 25

Scattered Site

Question 26

1960s-1970s→ policy allowing gov. to clear blighted inner-city slums which usually displaces the residents to low-income gov. housing complexes and built new development projects.

Answer 26

Urban Renewal

Question 27

Often used by governments, allows them to claim private property from people, pay them for it, and use the land for public good.

Answer 27

Eminent Domain

Question 28

Process of converting an urban inner-city neighborhood from a mostly low-income, renter occupied area to a predominantly wealthier, owner-occupied area. Often use mixed-use development and close to the CBD. Mostly core countries but increasingly in cities in periphery. Has art districts, coffee shops, commissioned street art, dog parks, trendy bars and restaurants, and amenities are accessible by public transit. Often dual-income and no kids.

Newcomers: Young urban professionals w/ high-paying jobs, LGBTQ+ looking for inclusive, accepting, and safe neighborhoods, and older couples whose children have moved out.

Answer 28

Gentrification

Question 29

Can displace residents, create space that excludes minorities/ the poor, and eliminate the historical cultural landscape of previous residents.

Pushing out original residents? Rising rents and taxes.

Answer 29

Negative aspects of Gentrification

Question 30

Densely populated areas built w/o coordinated planning or sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage. Often lack land tenure.

Answer 30

Informal Settlements

Question 31

Legal protection of contracts to show ownership of land/building.

Answer 31

Land Tenure

Question 32

Areas of a city that have been deserted by owners for either econ/environmental reasons. Often have decaying buildings, poor sanitation, high crime rates, and vandalism.

Answer 32

Zones of Abandonment

Question 33

Disproportionate exposure of minorities and poor to pollution and its impacts, plus the unequal protection of their rights under the law. Often results in increased health issues(cancer, birth defects) and shorter life expectancies.

Answer 33

Environmental Injustice(Environmental Racism)

Question 34

Walled/fenced neighborhoods w/ limited access and entry points. Represent redesign of urban living w/ an attempt to recapture features more commonly found outside urban areas(safety, quiet, and homogeneity).

Growth of them can reinforce separation in economics, social status, ethnicity, and even political views.

Answer 34

Gated Communities

Question 35

The condition of not having a permanent place to live.

Mostly single men once, but includes more women and children now.

Answer 35

Homelessness

Question 36

Often struggle in urban neighborhoods. If patrons are poor, prices must be low to keep customer base. This = tight margins w/ little money for maintenance or improvements to facilities.

Public ones like parks and pools are rare in places w/ low tax basis.

Private businesses and service providers rare, especially in poor and heavily urbanized states.

Ex. Bangladesh, # of doctors = 1/5 of U.S.

Answer 36

Services

Question 37

Urban zones that lack food stores. Contributes to health problems for poorer residents(diabetes, obesity). Grocery stores and supermarkets favor suburbs(cheap land, richer consumers).

Answer 37

Food Deserts

Question 38

Usually needs voluntary coalitions of city governments to address needs and create plans for larger region.

Answer 38

Regional Governance

Question 39

Urban challenges(growth, mass transit, road construction, pollution, and homelessness) need regional approach to governance but it’s hard for everyone to agree on and implement plans.

Benefits: comprehensive plans and shared costs, economies of scale more likely done

Sometimes special districts are made to deal w/ long term regional needs(transport, fire, police).

Urban planners say that as networked meta-cities increase globally, regional planning will be required to improve connectivity, infrastructure, and livability of the urban giants.

Answer 39

Challenges of urban regions in federalism

Question 40

-Portland, Oregon

-Minneapolis, Minnesota

-Amsterdam, Netherlands→ regional multi-model transportation system and large-scale smart-city initiative that limits outward growth and improves infrastructure and livability of existing urban regions.

Answer 40

Successful regional planning examples

Question 41

Streets lines w/ tall buildings that can channel and intensify wind and prevent natural sunlight from reaching the ground.

Answer 41

Urban Canyons

Question 42

An area of a city warmer than surrounding areas. Created by the concentration of buildings and concrete in the center of a city.

Answer 42

Urban heat islands

Question 43

Wildlife(animals?) that can thrive in cities. Ex. rats, racoons, pigeons. Can spread diseases and be a nuisance.

Answer 43

Urban wildlife

Question 44

Commuting periods in early morning and late afternoon/early evening when many travel to and from work.

Answer 44

Rush hour

Question 45

When layer of hot air sits above cool air. Causes smog to be trapped and concentrated close to ground which leads to negative health effects.

Answer 45

Temperature inversions

Question 46

Rapid spread of development outward from inner city. Reasons: availability of automobiles, creation of interstate/highways, and inexpensive land outside urban area.

Answer 46

Suburban Sprawl

Question 47

Impact on human activity on the environment.

Answer 47

Ecological footprint

Question 48

Usually consists of ruined buildings and polluted or contaminated soils. Expensive to repair and often stay in cities, devaluing neighboring properties. Exist in most core countries and in some semi-periphery countries(China).

If remediated = redevelopment sites

If structurally solid = renovated for new use by entrepreneurs but outside is kept for history.

Old factories = apartments, restaurants, rec centers, and artesian boutiques.

Local scale = remediating and redeveloping land = critical issue

Industry once thrived in central cities of developed countries→ new technology decreased need for workers→ weakened econ. strength of cities.

Why suburbs?

Cheaper land, closer to workers.

Answer 48

Brownfield

Question 49

Involves renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up. Usually begins = local gov. says area to develop is blighted/in a deteriorated condition.

Can break up and eliminate historic neighborhoods.

Private developers are also sometimes given tax break incentives to purchase and build.

Sometimes replace brownfields or low-quality housing w/ successful enterprises, but critics point out that problems can be caused(forced poor to leave their homes and communities).

Cities often use eminent domain laws to enable the building of new roads/schools but land can also be sold to private groups to build hotels, hospitals, and more.

Answer 49

Urban redevelopment

Question 50

Urban, because they consume the least amount of resources and make efforts to regulate air pollution and other polluting sources of energy.

Answer 50

More sustainable— urban vs. suburban?