Unit 6 - 3 Flashcards
Using the earth’s resources and not causing permanent damage to the environment.
Sustainability
Developed by urban planners and policy makers to fight urban sprawl and create new vision for cities that are more sustainable and equitable. Focuses on city planning and city transportation systems.
Goals: Make attractive residential neighborhoods that are walkable, develop strong sense of place among residents, ↑ livability by making it safe and easy to navigate, and involve residents and stakeholders in decisions impacting the community.
Slow sprawl by making concentrated growth in compact centers→ MIX BUILDING TYPES
Smart-growth policies
Areas of underdeveloped land around an urban area. Limits growth and saves farmland.
Greenbelts
Slow population growth and development that could consume and alter communities. Adopt policies to slow outward spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits to encourage a denser, more compact city.
Slow-growth cities
1990s, set of strategies to put smart growth in action w/ communities.
New Urbanism
Mix of homes and businesses—unlike separate residential and commercial sectors. Also all diff. size and price for socially diverse communities. Vibrant, walkable, shared spaces.
2 obstacles: Existing segregated zoning and people used to tradition
Mixed-use Neighborhoods
Process of building up underused lands within a city. Considered smart growth because reusing, not expanding. Opposite of sprawl and leap-frog development.
Ex. Central Park, Colorado, and Civita, California.
Civita—Built onsite of former quarry, now mix of housing types, parks, community centers, commercial zones, and connected by public transit. Promotes sustainability(renewable building materials, solar panels, electric vehicle charging stations, and energy management tools for residents and businesses).
Urban Infill
Locates mixed-use residential and business communities near mass transit stops, resulting in more compact communities.
Transportation-oriented Development(TOD)
Set of principles that supports sustainable urban designs. Affordable and equitable housing, access to employment and community services, multiple and accessible transport modes, and social and civic engagement.
Livability
-Not affordable→ increases in cost of land and housing. Also, congestion and noise contributor.
-Limits personal choice in (single-family) housing, suburban lifestyle, quality schools, and autonomy of car ownership.
-Makes high pop. density which often have higher crime rates and less privacy.
-Unintended ethnic/econ. segregation
-Promotes displacement of low-income and ethnic communities, and destruction of historical buildings and unique places.
Transportation specifically:
-Large upfront costs
-Slow to adjust
Criticisms of smart growth
Information that can be counted, measured, or sequenced by numeric value.
Quantitative Data
Shows where people live, and descriptions of income, age, gender, ethnicity, race, family size, and more. Used to determine what services are needed and where they should be.
Population Composition
Contiguous geographic regions that function as the foundation of a census. In the U.S. = usually 4,000–12,000 people.
Census Tract
In a densely populated urban area = often very small, consisting of a single block bounded by 4 streets.
In suburban/rural = usually covers larger area because lower pop. density.
Census Block
Primarily based on surveys, field studies, photos, videos, and interviews from people who give personal perceptions and meaningful descriptions.
Qualitative Data
-Who gathered the info
-What were the questions asked
-What was the scale of data
-How often/when was the data gathered
-Did people respond accurately
Ways data can be flawed
-Poor quality
-Insufficient availability
-Significant unaffordability
Urban housing challenges in Core(MDC) countries
European: edge of cities where mass transit lines end and rent is less expensive
North American: concentrated near industrial regions built on eastern side of cities. Rents are lower because of the smells(Multiple nuclei model research).
Where are poorer residential areas in Europe and North American cities?
Process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas. Historically more common w/ minorities and poor(investments are considered risky). Name comes from leading institutions identifying the no-loan areas w/ red lines on a map. Reinforces the downward spiral of struggling and predominately minority neighborhoods(no loans = less home ownership which = ↑ poverty).
Redlining
Landowners and real estate agents can deny selling/renting property to people based on race, ethnicity, gender, martial status, and religion.
Influence:
-1900s→ < 20% of African Americans owned a home vs. > 46% of white Americans
-2019→ >73% of white were homeowners vs. 42% African American and 47% of Hispanics and Latino Americans.
Illegal in U.S. in 1968(Fair housing act)
Other discriminatory laws/practices
When people live in separate neighborhoods based on ethnicity/race. Can be voluntary or involuntary. Enforced through real estate practices, tradition, and violence.
Racial Segregation
Real estate practice to enforce segregation. When people of an ethnic group sold their homes after learning that members of another ethnic group were moving into the neighborhood.
Historically in U.S., often middle-class whites leaving as Hispanic and African Americans moved in.
Blockbusting
Areas of poverty occupied by a minority group as a result of discrimination. Often feel trapped by social/pol. factors or a lack of econ. opportunity, High % of renters, poorly maintained buildings, and under-funded government services(educational). Can sometimes form from segregated neighborhoods.
Ghettos
Offer incentives or developers to set aside a % of housing for low income buyers/renters. But critics say these reduce incentives for investments in new housing.
One reason for shortage of affordable housing in urban neighborhoods: cost of constructing and managing a new building being more than profits made.
Provides decent housing and solid sense of community
Inclusionary Zoning
