Unit 6 - 2

Question 1

One principle underlying all urban models. Idea that portions of an urban area—regions/zones within a city—have specific and distinct purposes. Fit together like puzzle but lines aren’t delineated like one.

Answer 1

Functional Zonation

Question 2

Commercial heart of a city. Vital to any urban model. Often near physical center of city or crossroads where city was founded. Focus of transportation and services.

Answer 2

Central Business District

Question 3

Distance decay w/ proximity to an urban center→ refers to changing value and demand for land as the distance from the market increases.

Applies to land use in CBDs too

Answer 3

Bid-Rent Theory

Question 4

Just outside the CBDs. Dedicated to industry. May include manufacturing, warehouses, and transport. Usually far from residential(because it’s associated w/ noise and air pollution)

Answer 4

Industrial/Commercial Zone

Question 5

When commercial interests benefit each other

Ex. Restaurants and theaters or clothing and shoe stores are in the same zone.

Answer 5

Commensal relationship

Question 6

All cities have this. Areas where people live. Usually separate from CBD and industrial by gov. zoning or choice of inhabitants.

Diff. residential zones→ distinct from one another

Segregated by density, $ level, ethnic group, religion/culture, or social status

Answer 6

Residential Zones

Question 7

Model that shows a city as a series of rings that surrounds a CBD. Based on Chicago.

-CBD

-Transition Zone(industrial and low-cost and high density housing) (Manufacturing benefits from proximity to city-center, workers, and cheap land)

-Low-cost(residential)

-Moderate cost(residential)

-Commuters’ Zone(residential)

Answer 7

Concentric Zone Model

Question 8

Model w/ rings growing outward from CBD over time. 1930s, Homer Hoyt. Describes sectors of land use for low(next to industrial and transport), medium, and high(higher ground) income housing and one for transportation extending from city’s center to the edge.

Answer 8

Sector Model

Question 9

Variant of multiple-nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway.

Name→ role of service nodes w/ related suburbs that develop on periphery of original city.

Answer 9

Peripheral Model

Question 10

Based on Detroit w/ suburbanization ↑ gov. subsidies and highways. An original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function. As suburbs grew, they took on some CBD functions.

@ key locations on transport routes— mini downtowns formed→ some big enough to become edge cities→ but this leaves a declining inner city

Answer 10

Galactic City Model

Question 11

Principal mosque in center of city, usually surrounded by complex of structures to serve the public(schools, soup kitchens). Major roads connect gates of the citadel(fort designed to protect city) to city center. Along the roads are suqs(traditional outdoor markets/covered bazaars).

Luxury items = closer to center

Bulky and less valuable = near wall/gate

-Streets and alleys usually twisting w/ dead-ends

-Homes have central courtyard rather than yards in front/back

-Windows are small and above eye-level

These = making shady areas so = cultural adaptation to sun. Also, privacy is important.

Answer 11

Middle Eastern/Islamic cities characteristics

Question 12

Two part CBD at city center(traditional market and modern high-rise). Most desirable housing is near developed center of city. High quality housing extends outwards from urban core, accompanied by a commercial spine of development. The spine ends in a growing secondary center(called a mall).

Unlike concentric zone model— quality of housing goes down as distance from city center increases.

Answer 12

Griffin-Ford Model(Latin America)

Question 13

1 and 2 = neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness.

3 = poverty, lack of infrastructure, and areas of poorly built housing. Residents are often recent migrants to city.

Most 2→ most in disamenity zones(areas not connected to city services and under the control of criminals). Often physically unsafe(ex. steep, unstable mountain slopes). Poorly constructive structures, often by residents, and densely packed.

Answer 13

Barrios/Favelas/Shantytowns

Question 14

Densely populated informal settlements. Often lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage. One of largest = Kibera, on western edge of Nairobi, Kenya.

Answer 14

Squatter Settlements

Question 15

(To balance competing desires) Regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used. 3 general zoning categories:

-Residential(where people live)

-Commercial(where people and businesses sell goods and services)

-Industrial(where businesses make things)

Answer 15

Zoning Ordinances

Question 16

Process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use. Gov. uses zoning ordinances as a tool of this. Can = clear land-use segregation.

Answer 16

Urban Planning

Question 17

As one moves farther from the inner city, population and housing-unit density declines and types of housing changes.

Answer 17

Residential Density Gradient

Question 18

When houses pass from one social group to another. Could change the use(single family to apartment). Most noticeable when ethnic enclave neighborhood changes to new group. Usually when less wealthy moves in after more wealthy. Ripple effect down social scale.

Important result of it = changing landscape by sequent occupancy.

Answer 18

Filtering

Question 19

Refers to the process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering.

Answer 19

Invasion and succession

Question 20

Process of increasing residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing w/ residences. One way to reduce urban sprawl on outer edges of the city in suburbs. Commonly used today.

Answer 20

Urban infill

Question 21

Movement of commerce to the suburbs where rent is cheaper and commute for employees is shorter. Result→ many cities see decline in job opportunities, consumer choices, and services.

Answer 21

Suburbanization of businesses

Question 22

Facilities and systems that serve the population.

-Transportation(roads, bridges, parking lots, signs)

-Communications(cell phone towers, tv cables, internet service)

-Distribution(water, gas, electricity)

-Buildings(police stations, courthouses, fire stations)

-Collection(sewage, garbage)

-Entertainment(museums, theaters, and sports facilities)

-Open spaces(public parks and town squares)

Old cities: tend to be in poor condition.

Answer 22

Infrastructure of a city

Question 23

Refers to local gov. of a city/town and the services it provides. Gov. responsible for local infrastructure management while fed. gov. responsible for subsidizing large expenses.

Term w/ parenthesis: refers to a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction.

Answer 23

Municipal(ity)

Question 24

Process of adding land to a city’s legally defined territory.

Answer 24

Annexation

Question 25

Act of legally joining together to form a new city(when residents living beyond legal boundaries of the city don’t want to be a part of the central city).

1 potential reason: representation more local.

Many are only cities in legal and political considerations.

Answer 25

Incorporation

Question 26

Commuter suburbs

Answer 26

Bedroom communities

Question 27

Populated regions that don’t fall within legal boundary of any city/municipality. Legal boundaries of city on political map. Usually→ nearby municipality gives services and administration through higher division of civil gov.

Over time, residents may consider annexation/incorporation.

Answer 27

Unincorporated areas

Question 28

Buses, subway, light rail, and trains that are operated by a gov. agency.

Answer 28

Public Transportation