Unit 4 - 2 Flashcards
Natural barriers between areas like oceans, deserts, and mountains.
Ex. Missouri River: divides Iowa and Nebraska, and Himalayan Mountains: divides India and China
Physical Geographic Boundaries
Divides using cultural divisions. Language, religion, or ethnicity.
Ex. China, cuisine once divided into two regions. Wheat North and Rice South. No exact line.
Cultural Boundaries
before development of cultural landscape in settlement, usually based on physical features
Antecedent boundary
While cultural landscape is evolving, and is subject to changing all the time. Ethnographic in nature, may be drawn to accommodate ethnic, religious, linguistic, or economic differences among groups. Often altered because of non-cultural developments like gov. negotiations or war.
Ex. Starting in mid-16th century, Monarch of Scotland and England said emigrate to Ireland(under English rule then). Scots and English Protestants did, to Roman Catholic North Ireland. Resentment and violence→1921 Northern Ireland joined UK. New border= political and cultural landscape
Subsequent Boundary
Related to cultural phenomena.
Ethnographic
Drawn by outside powers and can ignore existing cultural patterns. Often lack conformity to natural features. (Often geometric). Ex. Berlin Conference→ African states.
Super Imposed Boundary
States unable to access a large body of water without going through neighboring countries(surrounded by land on all sides).
Landlocked States
Abandoned for political purposes but evidence of it remains. Kept sometimes for history preservation purposes.
Ex. Berlin Wall, made 1961 and torn down in 1989 to stop separating East and West Germany but parts of it remain as a tourist attraction.
Relic Boundary
Straight line/arc that doesn’t doesn’t closely follow any physical figure. Usually lies on latitude/longitude. Many to divide within a state. (Colorado and Wyoming).
Geometric Boundary
Takes cultural traits into account: language, religion, ethnicity, or others
Cultural Consequent Boundary
Takes physical characteristics of the land into account: natural features like rivers, deserts, mountains.
Physical Consequent Boundary
Unguarded and people can cross easily with little to no political intervention→ usually between countries with friendly relations.
Ex. EU→ continent almost borderless. Less likely to turn violent.
Open Boundary
Heavily guarded and discourages crossing. Many harbor limited military presence but some are fortified with a constructed barrier.
Militarized Boundary
Established by legal document. (Ex. treaty) that divides two entities(invisible line).
Defined Boundary
Drawn on a map by a cartographer to show limits of a space.
Delimited Boundary
Identified by physical objects on landscapes. Simple as signs or complexes fences or walls.
Demarcated Boundary
2 or more disagree on how to interpret maps or documents that show map. Often w/ antecedent boundaries.
Definitional Boundary Dispute
Conflict centered on where boundary should be, how it’s mapped, or demarcated.
Locational/Territorial Boundary Dispute
Type of expansionism where seeking to annex territory has cultural ties to the population or historical claims to land.
Irredentism
Conflict centered on how a boundary functions. Can be related to trade, transportation, or migration.
Operational/Functional Boundary Dispute
When conflict breaks out over natural resources that may be used by two countries separated by a boundary.
Allocational/Resource Boundary Dispute
How it’ll be maintained, function, and what goods and people will be able to cross→ all important aspects.
Administered Boundary
This has checkpoints where passports or visas is required to enter country. This lets them allow some goods and people and deny others.
Controlled Borders
Territories part of a state but geographically separated from mainland by 1 or 2 states.
Ex. Alaska from US, Nakhchivan(autonomous region) from Azerbaijan, by Armenia.
Exclaves
States, territories, or parts of a state that’s completely surrounded by the territory of another state. Ex. Native American Reserves
Political Enclaves
Place located between two very different and contentious regions. Constant stress and maybe instability/fragmentation from external aggression.
Ex. Eastern Europe, historically shatterbelt for Russia(orthodox and communist) and Western Europe(Roman catholic/Protestant and capitalist) (Gov. systems for most of 20th century).
Shatterbelt
1973–1982, >150 countries signed. On a state’s influence on the ocean. Defines 4 zones. Territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, and high seas.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)
Extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass but non-commercial vessels may be challenged. Nautical miles= 1.15 land miles.
Territorial Sea
Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation. Nautical miles= 1.15 land miles.
Contiguous Zone
Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles. Nautical miles= 1.15 land miles.
Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ)
Water beyond any country’s EEZ that’s open to all states.
High Seas
Control around 30% of all oceans and seas and EEZ is much bigger than landmass.
Ex. Tuvalu’s(South Pacific) EEZ→ 27,000 times size of land and has valuable minerals, natural gas, fishing stocks, and prospect of tourism
Small Island Developing State
New economic opportunities based on the ocean for small island developing states(SIDS)
Blue Economy
Used at subnational scale to divide countries into smaller units
Internal boundaries
Using special thinking, techniques and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns
Electoral geography
People eligible to vote
Electorate
Population count every 10 years to make sure national congressional districts have the same number of people. in the US Constitution requires the federal government to do it
Census
Changing the number of representatives to reflect the states
Reapportionment
Drawing of boundaries for political districts, by the party in power to increase/protected the power
Gerrymandering
Dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority
Cracking
Combining like my new voters, until one district prevent them from affecting elections in other districts
Packing
Diluting a minority populated district with the majority population
Stocking
Redrawing to districts, in order to forced to elected representatives of the same party to run against each other
Hijacking
Moving an area where in elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have the support
Kidnapping
You know it’s separate political entities into an overarching system that let’s each entity maintain a degree of sovereignty. This power-sharing, equal vertical with different functions and responsibilities of a government found at national provincial and local state example of Germany, US Nigeria.
Federal state
Most/all government powered equal national government, all local go subject to authority of national government example France, Japan, and Kenya
Unitary state
Process of legally, adding a territory to a city
Annexation
