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HGAP Terms > Unit 4 - 2 > Flashcards

Unit 4 - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Natural barriers between areas like oceans, deserts, and mountains.

Ex. Missouri River: divides Iowa and Nebraska, and Himalayan Mountains: divides India and China

A

Physical Geographic Boundaries

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2
Q

Divides using cultural divisions. Language, religion, or ethnicity.

Ex. China, cuisine once divided into two regions. Wheat North and Rice South. No exact line.

A

Cultural Boundaries

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3
Q

before development of cultural landscape in settlement, usually based on physical features

A

Antecedent boundary

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4
Q

While cultural landscape is evolving, and is subject to changing all the time. Ethnographic in nature, may be drawn to accommodate ethnic, religious, linguistic, or economic differences among groups. Often altered because of non-cultural developments like gov. negotiations or war.

Ex. Starting in mid-16th century, Monarch of Scotland and England said emigrate to Ireland(under English rule then). Scots and English Protestants did, to Roman Catholic North Ireland. Resentment and violence→1921 Northern Ireland joined UK. New border= political and cultural landscape

A

Subsequent Boundary

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5
Q

Related to cultural phenomena.

A

Ethnographic

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6
Q

Drawn by outside powers and can ignore existing cultural patterns. Often lack conformity to natural features. (Often geometric). Ex. Berlin Conference→ African states.

A

Super Imposed Boundary

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7
Q

States unable to access a large body of water without going through neighboring countries(surrounded by land on all sides).

A

Landlocked States

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8
Q

Abandoned for political purposes but evidence of it remains. Kept sometimes for history preservation purposes.

Ex. Berlin Wall, made 1961 and torn down in 1989 to stop separating East and West Germany but parts of it remain as a tourist attraction.

A

Relic Boundary

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9
Q

Straight line/arc that doesn’t doesn’t closely follow any physical figure. Usually lies on latitude/longitude. Many to divide within a state. (Colorado and Wyoming).

A

Geometric Boundary

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10
Q

Takes cultural traits into account: language, religion, ethnicity, or others

A

Cultural Consequent Boundary

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11
Q

Takes physical characteristics of the land into account: natural features like rivers, deserts, mountains.

A

Physical Consequent Boundary

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12
Q

Unguarded and people can cross easily with little to no political intervention→ usually between countries with friendly relations.

Ex. EU→ continent almost borderless. Less likely to turn violent.

A

Open Boundary

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13
Q

Heavily guarded and discourages crossing. Many harbor limited military presence but some are fortified with a constructed barrier.

A

Militarized Boundary

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14
Q

Established by legal document. (Ex. treaty) that divides two entities(invisible line).

A

Defined Boundary

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15
Q

Drawn on a map by a cartographer to show limits of a space.

A

Delimited Boundary

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16
Q

Identified by physical objects on landscapes. Simple as signs or complexes fences or walls.

A

Demarcated Boundary

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17
Q

2 or more disagree on how to interpret maps or documents that show map. Often w/ antecedent boundaries.

A

Definitional Boundary Dispute

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18
Q

Conflict centered on where boundary should be, how it’s mapped, or demarcated.

A

Locational/Territorial Boundary Dispute

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19
Q

Type of expansionism where seeking to annex territory has cultural ties to the population or historical claims to land.

A

Irredentism

20
Q

Conflict centered on how a boundary functions. Can be related to trade, transportation, or migration.

A

Operational/Functional Boundary Dispute

21
Q

When conflict breaks out over natural resources that may be used by two countries separated by a boundary.

A

Allocational/Resource Boundary Dispute

22
Q

How it’ll be maintained, function, and what goods and people will be able to cross→ all important aspects.

A

Administered Boundary

23
Q

This has checkpoints where passports or visas is required to enter country. This lets them allow some goods and people and deny others.

A

Controlled Borders

24
Q

Territories part of a state but geographically separated from mainland by 1 or 2 states.

Ex. Alaska from US, Nakhchivan(autonomous region) from Azerbaijan, by Armenia.

A

Exclaves

25
Q

States, territories, or parts of a state that’s completely surrounded by the territory of another state. Ex. Native American Reserves

A

Political Enclaves

26
Q

Place located between two very different and contentious regions. Constant stress and maybe instability/fragmentation from external aggression.

Ex. Eastern Europe, historically shatterbelt for Russia(orthodox and communist) and Western Europe(Roman catholic/Protestant and capitalist) (Gov. systems for most of 20th century).

A

Shatterbelt

27
Q

1973–1982, >150 countries signed. On a state’s influence on the ocean. Defines 4 zones. Territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, and high seas.

A

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)

28
Q

Extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass but non-commercial vessels may be challenged. Nautical miles= 1.15 land miles.

A

Territorial Sea

29
Q

Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation. Nautical miles= 1.15 land miles.

A

Contiguous Zone

30
Q

Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles. Nautical miles= 1.15 land miles.

A

Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ)

31
Q

Water beyond any country’s EEZ that’s open to all states.

A

High Seas

32
Q

Control around 30% of all oceans and seas and EEZ is much bigger than landmass.

Ex. Tuvalu’s(South Pacific) EEZ→ 27,000 times size of land and has valuable minerals, natural gas, fishing stocks, and prospect of tourism

A

Small Island Developing State

33
Q

New economic opportunities based on the ocean for small island developing states(SIDS)

A

Blue Economy

34
Q

Used at subnational scale to divide countries into smaller units

A

Internal boundaries

35
Q

Using special thinking, techniques and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns

A

Electoral geography

36
Q

People eligible to vote

A

Electorate

37
Q

Population count every 10 years to make sure national congressional districts have the same number of people. in the US Constitution requires the federal government to do it

A

Census

38
Q

Changing the number of representatives to reflect the states

A

Reapportionment

39
Q

Drawing of boundaries for political districts, by the party in power to increase/protected the power

A

Gerrymandering

40
Q

Dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority

A

Cracking

41
Q

Combining like my new voters, until one district prevent them from affecting elections in other districts

A

Packing

42
Q

Diluting a minority populated district with the majority population

A

Stocking

43
Q

Redrawing to districts, in order to forced to elected representatives of the same party to run against each other

A

Hijacking

44
Q

Moving an area where in elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have the support

A

Kidnapping

45
Q

You know it’s separate political entities into an overarching system that let’s each entity maintain a degree of sovereignty. This power-sharing, equal vertical with different functions and responsibilities of a government found at national provincial and local state example of Germany, US Nigeria.

A

Federal state

46
Q

Most/all government powered equal national government, all local go subject to authority of national government example France, Japan, and Kenya

A

Unitary state

47
Q

Process of legally, adding a territory to a city

A

Annexation

HGAP Terms (19 decks)

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