Unit 6 1/30/2025

Question 1

Who performed X-Ray Crystallography of DNA in the 1950s?

Answer 1

Rosalind Franklin

Question 2

What technique did Rosalind Franklin use to study DNA?

Answer 2

X-Ray Crystallography

Question 3

What did Rosalind Franklin’s work on DNA reveal?

Answer 3

A pattern that was regular and repetitive

Question 4

Who analyzed DNA samples from different species?

Answer 4

Edwin Chargaff

Chargaff’s work contributed to understanding the base pairing in DNA.

Question 5

What rule did Edwin Chargaff discover regarding adenine and thymine?

Answer 5

The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine

This is known as Chargaff’s first rule.

Question 6

What rule did Edwin Chargaff discover regarding cytosine and guanine?

Answer 6

The amount of cytosine equals the amount of guanine

This is known as Chargaff’s second rule.

Question 7

What type of bond connect A to T and G to C in DNA? How many are there?

Answer 7

Hydrogen bonds, 2,3

Question 8

What nucleotides are Purines? What characteristics do they have?

Answer 8

Question 9

What nucleotides are pyramidines? What characteristics do they have?

Answer 9

Question 10

What’s the result of Adenine and thymine connecting with 2 hydrogen bonds compared to cytosine and guanine?

Answer 10

Adenine and thymine are easier to break apart due to the less amount of bonds

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

How might hydrogen bonds affect DNA replication?

Answer 12

Hydrogen bonds allow for the DNA strands to be easily separated during the replication process

Question 13

What’s the backbone of the DNA structure? What’s different about it compared to the nucleotides?

Answer 13

Sugar phosphate
It doesn’t contain genetic material

Question 14

The 5’ end of DNA strands has a free ___ while the 3’ end has a free ____

Answer 14

phosphate group
hydroxyl group

Question 15

What’s a plasmid?

Answer 15

Small circular pieces of DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 16

What is the primary source of heritable information?

Answer 16

DNA

Question 17

Where is genetic information stored?

Answer 17

In DNA

Question 18

How is genetic information passed from one generation to the next?

Answer 18

Through DNA

Question 19

What is the exception to DNA being the primary source of heritable information?

Answer 19

RNA in some viruses

Question 20

What are the components related to genetic information?

Answer 20

• Chromosome
• Nucleus
• Telomere

Question 21

In eukaryotes DNA is ___ and in prokaryotes DNA is ____

Answer 21

Linear
Circular

Question 22

What are the names for DNA in prokaryotes and where are they found?

Answer 22

Question 23

How is eukaryotic DNA situated and where are they located?

Answer 23

Question 24

What are plasmids?

Answer 24

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that replicate independently from chromosomal DNA.

Plasmids are commonly found in prokaryotic organisms.

Question 25

Where are plasmids primarily found?

Answer 25

Plasmids are primarily found in prokaryotes. ## Footnote Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea.

Question 26

What type of genes do plasmids contain?

Answer 26

Plasmids contain genes that may be useful to the prokaryote in specific environments but are not essential for survival. ## Footnote These genes can provide advantages such as antibiotic resistance.

Question 27

True or False: Plasmids are essential for the survival of prokaryotes.

Answer 27

False ## Footnote Plasmids contain non-essential genes that provide advantages in certain conditions.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: Plasmids replicate independently from _______.

Answer 28

chromosomal DNA ## Footnote This characteristic allows plasmids to be easily transferred between bacteria.

Question 29

What are plasmids?

Answer 29

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria.

Question 30

Can plasmids be manipulated in laboratories?

Answer 30

Yes, plasmids can be manipulated in laboratories.

Question 31

What is a recombinant plasmid?

Answer 31

A recombinant plasmid is formed when a gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid.

Question 32

How is a recombinant plasmid created?

Answer 32

By removing a plasmid from bacteria and inserting a gene of interest into it.

Question 33

What happens when a recombinant plasmid is inserted back into bacteria?

Answer 33

The gene will be expressed.

Question 34

Fill in the blank: When a gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid, it forms _______.

Answer 34

[recombinant plasmid DNA]

Question 35

True or False: Plasmids can only be found in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

What are plasmids?

Answer 36

Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria

Question 37

How do bacteria exchange genes?

Answer 37

Through plasmids with neighboring bacteria

Question 38

What happens after DNA is exchanged between bacteria?

Answer 38

The bacteria can express the genes acquired

Question 39

What is the significance of plasmids for prokaryotes?

Answer 39

They help with the survival of prokaryotes

Question 40

What is a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA regarding structure?

Answer 40

Eukaryotic DNA has ends, while prokaryotic DNA is stored as a circular chromosome.

Question 41

What can happen to the ends of eukaryotic DNA over time?

Answer 41

They can be degraded, leading to gene loss.

Question 42

What are telomeres?

Answer 42

Caps of long nonsense DNA sequences that protect eukaryotic DNA from degradation.

Question 43

True or False: Telomeres are found in prokaryotic DNA.

Answer 43

False This is because in prokaryotes DNA is circular

Question 44

What is the relationship between telomere loss and aging in eukaryotes?

Answer 44

Telomere loss is speculated to be associated with aging.

Question 45

What do telomeres do?

Answer 45

They preserve the length of chromosomes