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AP BIO > Unit 5 Non-mendelian Genetics Pt 1 Until Chi Square > Flashcards

Unit 5 Non-mendelian Genetics Pt 1 Until Chi Square Flashcards

1
Q

Why do many traits not follow the ratios predicted by mendels laws?

A
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2
Q

What type of dominance did mendels experiments include?

A

Complete dominance

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3
Q

What’s complete dominance

A

Homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals are
phenotypically the same.

(Ex: H=long hair, h=short hair
HH=long hair Hh=long hair)

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4
Q

What’s incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is fully dominant and none of the previous alleles will show.

(EX: red flowers crossed with white flowers will produce pink offspring)

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5
Q

What codominance?

A

Two alleles that affect phenotype are both expressed

(EX: type AB blood: both A and B are expressed)

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6
Q

What does Multiple alleles mean

A

Genes that exist in forms with more than two alleles

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7
Q

What’s a sex linked gene

A

A gene located on either the X or the Y chromosome

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8
Q

What’s a Y linked gene

A

Genes specifically found on the Y chromosome

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9
Q

What’s a X linked gene

A

Genes specifically found on the X chromosome

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10
Q

Fathers can pass x linked alleles to their ___ but not their ___

A

Daughters
Sons

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11
Q

Mothers can pass x linked alleles to their ___

A

Daughters or sons

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12
Q

What’s happens if an x link trait is due to a recessive allele? Why? What’s term for it?

A
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13
Q

During development of females most of the X chromosomes in each cell become
____. The ___ cell of a female condenses into a ___ in order to ___ gene dosage in females

A

Inactive
Inactive
Barr body
Regulate

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14
Q

What is the pedigree pattern of this and why?

A
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15
Q

What is the pedigree pattern of this and why?

A
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16
Q

What is the pedigree pattern of this and why?

A
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17
Q

What’s epistasis and the phenotypic ratio for it

A

The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus affects a gene at another locus

9:3:4

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18
Q

What’s polygenic inheritance?

A

The effect of two or more genes acting on a single phenotype
(EX: height, human skin color)

19
Q

What is genetic recombination and what’s the parental types and recombinants

A
20
Q

An picture example of recombinant example

A
21
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes located near each other on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together

22
Q

meiosis and random fertilization generate genetic variation in offspring due to ____

A
23
Q

What is the relationship between the proximity of linked genes on a chromosome and crossing over?

A

The closer two linked genes are on a chromosome, the less likely they are to be separated by crossing over.

24
Q

What happens to linked genes during meiosis?

A

Linked genes assort together during meiosis.

25
Q

What law do linked genes violate?

A

The law of independent assortment.

26
Q

Image of non recombinant chromosomes

A
27
Q

What happens to the probability of a crossing over event as two genes are further apart on the same chromosome?

A

The probability of a crossing over event increases

This is due to the physical distance between the genes allowing for more opportunities for crossing over.

28
Q

What is the relationship between gene distance and recombination frequency?

A

The higher the distance between two genes, the higher the recombination frequency

Recombination frequency is a measure of how often crossing over occurs between genes.

29
Q

Fill in the blank: The further apart two genes are on the same chromosome, the _______ the probability that a crossing over event will occur between them.

A

higher

30
Q

True or False: Closer genes on a chromosome have a higher recombination frequency.

A

False

Closer genes are less likely to experience crossing over, resulting in a lower recombination frequency.

31
Q

What is a linkage map?

A

A genetic map that is based on recombination frequencies

Linkage maps help in understanding the genetic distance between loci on a chromosome.

32
Q

What are map units in genetics?

A

The distance between genes

Map units quantify the relative distances between genes based on recombination frequency.

33
Q

How is one map unit defined?

A

Equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency

This definition is crucial for understanding genetic linkage and mapping.

34
Q

What does a 50% recombination frequency indicate?

A

That the genes are far apart on the same chromosome or on two different chromosomes

A 50% recombination frequency suggests that the genes assort independently.

35
Q

What do linkage maps express?

A

The relative distances along chromosomes

These distances help in predicting inheritance patterns.

36
Q

What does higher recombination frequency indicate?

A

A higher chance of crossing over between two alleles

This indicates that the alleles are more likely to be separated during meiosis.

37
Q

How is recombination frequency related to gene distance?

A

It can be used as a measure of how far apart two genes are on a chromosome

The greater the distance, the higher the likelihood of recombination.

38
Q

What does a 1% chance of recombination frequency represent?

A

1 map unit

This unit is also known as a centimorgan (cM) in genetics.

39
Q

What type of DNA is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

Non-Nuclear DNA

Non-nuclear DNA refers to genetic material located outside the nucleus, specifically in organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

40
Q

How are mitochondria and chloroplasts assorted during cell division?

A

Randomly assorted to gametes and daughter cells

This random assortment means that the distribution of these organelles is not predetermined.

41
Q

In animals, how is mitochondrial DNA transmitted?

A

By the egg, NOT the sperm

This means that only maternal lineage contributes to mitochondrial DNA inheritance.

42
Q

Is mitochondrial DNA inherited paternally or maternally?

A

Maternally inherited

This indicates that all mitochondrial DNA in offspring comes from the mother.

43
Q

In plants , how is mitochondrial and chloroplasts DNA transmitted?

A

In the ovule NOT the pollen

44
Q

Both mitochondrial and chloroplast determine traits are ____ inherited

A

Maternally

AP BIO (15 decks)

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