Unit 3 Quiz 3 Powerpoint + Fitness Flashcards
What is the function of the Matrix in mitochondria?
The Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs cycle happens in the Matrix.
What occurs in the inner membrane Space of mitochondria?
The site of the Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
What happens by the the Outer Membrane in mitochondria?
The Linking step happens here.
What is cellular respiration?
A process that harnesses energy of carbohydrates and other fuel molecules. To break down organic molecules like glucose with oxygen into carbon dioxide and water
What happens during cellular respiration?
Organic molecules such as glucose are broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and ATP
Why does cellular respiration release energy?
Because the potential energy of the reactants is greater than that of the products.
What type of reaction is cellular respiration?
An oxidation–reduction reaction.
What are electron carriers
Molecules that move high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
What are the main electron carriers in cellular respiration?
NAD+/NADH and FADH/FADH2.
How is ATP generated during cellular respiration?
In three ways: glycolysis, 2 substrate-level phosphorylation (Kreb’s cycle) 2and oxidative phosphorylation (ETC). 32-34
What is the significance of aerobic cellular respiration for ancestral prokaryotes?
It allowed ancestral prokaryotes to process oxygen without dying.
How did eukaryotic cells evolve to perform aerobic respiration?
Through endosymbiosis between a prokaryote capable of aerobic respiration and one not capable.
How many stages does cellular respiration have?
Cellular respiration takes place in four stages.
What occurs in the first stage of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, where glucose is broken down to pyruvate, producing ATP and reduced electron carriers.
What occurs in the second stage of cellular respiration?
Pyruvate oxidation, producing 2 acetyl-CoA, reduced electron carriers AKA 2 NADH and 2 carbon dioxide.
What occurs in the third stage of cellular respiration?
The Krebs cycle, generating 2 ATP, reduced electron carriers AKA 6 NADH and 2 FADH_2 and 4 carbon dioxide.
What occurs in the fourth stage of cellular respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation where electrons are transferred on the electron transport chain to (using) oxygen, producing 6 water and synthesizing 32-34 ATP.
What is the nature of reactions in cellular respiration?
A series of exergonic reactions, each releasing a small amount of energy.
What can cellular respiration utilize?
Diverse organic molecules.
How is excess glucose stored in animals and plants?
In polymers called glycogen in animals and starch in plants.
What happens to other monosaccharides during cellular respiration?
They are converted into intermediates of glycolysis.
What is the role of fatty acids in cellular respiration?
They are an important form of energy storage in cells.
What is the definition of respiration?
The process that organisms use to convert chemical energy stored in glucose into usable chemical energy in ATP.
What are the two types of respiration?
Aerobic and Anaerobic.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration that does not require oxygen, also known as fermentation.
What is the main purpose of anaerobic respiration?
To regenerate the electron carrier NAD+ for use in glycolysis.
What is the main purpose of aerobic respiration?
To generate ATP for cellular processes that maintain homeostasis.
What are the basics of glycolysis?
A set of anaerobic reactions that oxidize glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, requiring the reduction of 2 NAD+ to make 2 NADH.
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
A net gain of 2 ATP.
Why is glycolysis significant in regards to common ancestry?
It must occur before any form of respiration and is evidence for common ancestry.
Where does glycolysis take place?
In the cytoplasm.
What is anaerobic respiration also known as?
Fermentation.
In what organism does lactic acid fermentation occur, and what happens in it?
Animals
Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid.
What occurs during ethanol fermentation?
Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde, which is reduced to ethanol, releasing carbon dioxide.
What is the overall process of aerobic cellular respiration?
Potential chemical energy in glucose is converted into usable chemical energy in ATP.
What are the steps of aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
What happens during Pyruvate Oxidation?
2 Pyruvate is converted to 2 acetyl-CoA as it is transported into the matrix. 2CO_2 and 2 NADH are also produced
What occurs in the Citric Acid Cycle?
2 Acetyl-CoA goes through reactions that reduce NAD+ to 6 NADH and FAD to 2 FADH_2. Also 2 ATP and 4 CO_2 is produced
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
When a phosphate group is transferred from a high energy substrate molecule to ATP. (ADP is given the phosphate to become ATP) Happens as a result of some of the reactions in the citric acid cycle
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
On the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What happens to NADH and FADH2 in the Electron Transport Chain?
They are oxidized, releasing electrons and energy. NAD+ and FADH are recycled back into the cell environment
What is the role of oxidative phosphorylation? And what is it coupled with?
H+ ions diffuse through ATP Synthase from the intermembrane space to the matrix. Energy form this diffusion is captured and used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. The ETC
How much ATP is generated during oxidative phosphorylation?
Generates 32-34 ATP.
What is oxidative efficiency?
Cells are not 100% efficient at capturing energy from oxidation of NADH; excess energy is given off as heat.
What can cells vary in?
The number and types of molecules
This includes differences in molecular structure and types.
What types of molecules can vary within cells?
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.
Variation can be evident on a cellular and molecular level.
What does variation in cells include?
Differences in molecular structure and types, and differences in the number of molecules present.
How does variation affect fitness?
Variation increases fitness.
What does individual fitness refer to?
An individual organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.
does individual fitness contribute to species fitness?
Yes
Is it necessary for every individual within a species to show fitness for the species to continue generationally?
No.
What increases the chance of a species demonstrating fitness under changing environmental conditions?
More variation within individual organisms in a population.
An example of variation in the type of molecules within animal cells that allow it to survive is:
Colesterol regulating membrane fluidity
An example of variation in the type of molecules within plant cells that allow it to survive is:
Chlorophyll molecules that vary within plant cells. These molecules capture light energy at different wavelengths (increased flexibility)
Animal cells don’t have cell walls to counter ___
Lysis
An example of variation in the type of molecules within humans that allow it to survive is:
Different types of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin F enable transfer of oxygen from the blood of the mother to the developing fetus and Hemoglobin A which binds to oxygen brought in by the lungs.
Variation at the molecular level can provide organisms with the ability to respond to a variety of _____ ____
Environmental stimuli
What will homeothermic organisms do to generate more heat and regulate body temperature compared to poikilotherms?
Decouple the etc and oxidative phosphorylation
