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AP BIO > Unit 3 Quiz 3 Powerpoint + Fitness > Flashcards

Unit 3 Quiz 3 Powerpoint + Fitness Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the Matrix in mitochondria?

A

The Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs cycle happens in the Matrix.

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2
Q

What occurs in the inner membrane Space of mitochondria?

A

The site of the Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation.

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3
Q

What is the role of the Outer Membrane in mitochondria?

A

The Linking step happens here.

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4
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A process that harnesses energy of carbohydrates and other fuel molecules. To break down organic molecules like glucose with oxygen into carbon dioxide and water

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5
Q

What happens during cellular respiration?

A

Organic molecules such as glucose are broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and ATP

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6
Q

Why does cellular respiration release energy?

A

Because the potential energy of the reactants is greater than that of the products.

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7
Q

What type of reaction is cellular respiration?

A

An oxidation–reduction reaction.

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8
Q

What are electron carriers

A

Molecules that move high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

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9
Q

What are the main electron carriers in cellular respiration?

A

NAD+/NADH and FADH/FADH2.

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10
Q

How is ATP generated during cellular respiration?

A

In three ways: glycolysis, 2 substrate-level phosphorylation (Kreb’s cycle) 2and oxidative phosphorylation (ETC). 32-34

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11
Q

What is the significance of aerobic cellular respiration for ancestral prokaryotes?

A

It allowed ancestral prokaryotes to process oxygen without dying.

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12
Q

How did eukaryotic cells evolve to perform aerobic respiration?

A

Through endosymbiosis between a prokaryote capable of aerobic respiration and one not capable.

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13
Q

How many stages does cellular respiration have?

A

Cellular respiration takes place in four stages.

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14
Q

What occurs in the first stage of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, where glucose is broken down to pyruvate, producing ATP and reduced electron carriers.

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15
Q

What occurs in the second stage of cellular respiration?

A

Pyruvate oxidation, producing 2 acetyl-CoA, reduced electron carriers AKA 2 NADH and 2 carbon dioxide.

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16
Q

What occurs in the third stage of cellular respiration?

A

The Krebs cycle, generating 2 ATP, reduced electron carriers AKA 6 NADH and 2 FADH_2 and 4 carbon dioxide.

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17
Q

What occurs in the fourth stage of cellular respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation where electrons are transferred on the electron transport chain to (using) oxygen, producing 6 water and synthesizing 32-34 ATP.

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18
Q

What is the nature of reactions in cellular respiration?

A

A series of exergonic reactions, each releasing a small amount of energy.

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19
Q

What can cellular respiration utilize?

A

Diverse organic molecules.

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20
Q

How is excess glucose stored in animals and plants?

A

In polymers called glycogen in animals and starch in plants.

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21
Q

What happens to other monosaccharides during cellular respiration?

A

They are converted into intermediates of glycolysis.

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22
Q

What is the role of fatty acids in cellular respiration?

A

They are an important form of energy storage in cells.

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23
Q

What is the definition of respiration?

A

The process that organisms use to convert chemical energy stored in glucose into usable chemical energy in ATP.

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24
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic.

25
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen, also known as fermentation.

26
Q

What is the main purpose of anaerobic respiration?

A

To regenerate the electron carrier NAD+ for use in glycolysis.

27
Q

What is the main purpose of aerobic respiration?

A

To generate ATP for cellular processes that maintain homeostasis.

28
Q

What are the basics of glycolysis?

A

A set of anaerobic reactions that oxidize glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, requiring the reduction of 2 NAD+ to make 2 NADH.

29
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

A

A net gain of 2 ATP.

30
Q

Why is glycolysis significant in regards to common ancestry?

A

It must occur before any form of respiration and is evidence for common ancestry.

31
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm.

32
Q

What is anaerobic respiration also known as?

A

Fermentation.

33
Q

In what organism does lactic acid fermentation occur, and what happens in it?

A

Animals

Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid.

34
Q

What occurs during ethanol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde, which is reduced to ethanol, releasing carbon dioxide.

35
Q

What is the overall process of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Potential chemical energy in glucose is converted into usable chemical energy in ATP.

36
Q

What are the steps of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation.

37
Q

What happens during Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

2 Pyruvate is converted to 2 acetyl-CoA as it is transported into the matrix. 2CO_2 and 2 NADH are also produced

38
Q

What occurs in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

2 Acetyl-CoA goes through reactions that reduce NAD+ to 6 NADH and FAD to 2 FADH_2. Also 2 ATP and 4 CO_2 is produced

39
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

When a phosphate group is transferred from a high energy substrate molecule to ATP. (ADP is given the phosphate to become ATP) Happens as a result of some of the reactions in the citric acid cycle

40
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

A

On the inner mitochondrial membrane.

41
Q

What happens to NADH and FADH2 in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

They are oxidized, releasing electrons and energy. NAD+ and FADH are recycled back into the cell environment

42
Q

What is the role of oxidative phosphorylation? And what is it coupled with?

A

H+ ions diffuse through ATP Synthase from the intermembrane space to the matrix. Energy form this diffusion is captured and used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. The ETC

43
Q

How much ATP is generated during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Generates 32-34 ATP.

44
Q

What is oxidative efficiency?

A

Cells are not 100% efficient at capturing energy from oxidation of NADH; excess energy is given off as heat.

45
Q
A
46
Q

What can cells vary in?

A

The number and types of molecules

This includes differences in molecular structure and types.

47
Q

What types of molecules can vary within cells?

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.

Variation can be evident on a cellular and molecular level.

48
Q

What does variation in cells include?

A

Differences in molecular structure and types, and differences in the number of molecules present.

49
Q

How does variation affect fitness?

A

Variation increases fitness.

50
Q

What does individual fitness refer to?

A

An individual organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.

51
Q

does individual fitness contribute to species fitness?

A

Yes

52
Q

Is it necessary for every individual within a species to show fitness for the species to continue generationally?

A

No.

53
Q

What increases the chance of a species demonstrating fitness under changing environmental conditions?

A

More variation within individual organisms in a population.

54
Q

An example of variation in the type of molecules within animal cells that allow it to survive is:

A

Colesterol regulating membrane fluidity

55
Q

An example of variation in the type of molecules within plant cells that allow it to survive is:

A

Chlorophyll molecules that vary within plant cells. These molecules capture light energy at different wavelengths (increased flexibility)

56
Q

Animal cells don’t have cell walls to counter ___

A

Lysis

57
Q

An example of variation in the type of molecules within humans that allow it to survive is:

A

Different types of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin F enable transfer of oxygen from the blood of the mother to the developing fetus and Hemoglobin A which binds to oxygen brought in by the lungs.

58
Q

Variation at the molecular level can provide organisms with the ability to respond to a variety of _____ ____

A

Environmental stimuli

59
Q

What will homeothermic organisms do to generate more heat and regulate body temperature compared to poikilotherms?

A

Decouple the etc and oxidative phosphorylation

AP BIO (7 decks)

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