Unit 3 Quiz 1 Flashcards
Energy is needed to do work in cells, such as ____ Macromolecules, moving substances across the _____ and maintaining ______
Synthesizing, membrane, homeostasis
What are the 2 types of energy?
Kinetic energy and potential energy
What is kinetic energy?
The energy of motion
What is potential energy?
Stored energy
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy held in the ____ of molecules
Potential, bonds
Do the bonds linking phosphate groups in ATP have low or high potential energy?
High
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
There is an increase in entropy in the universe over time
What is entropy?
Degree of disorder/ measure of number of positions and motions a molecule can take
Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of ____
Bonds
In a chemical reaction, ____ themselves do not change; the ____ among them change as they form new molecules
Atoms, bonds
The direction of a chemical reaction is influenced by_____
The concentration of reactants and products
Definition of Gibbs free energy (G)
The amount of energy available to do work
Exergonic reactions are _____ and ____ energy
Spontaneous, release
Endergonic reactions are _____ and ____ energy
Non-spontaneous, require
If Delta G in negative the reaction is _____
Exergonic
If Delta G in positive the reaction is _____
Endergonic
Is the hydrolysis of ATP exergonic or endergonic?
It is exergonic (and drives many endergonic reactions in a cell)
ATP is a _____ energy molecule and ADP is a _____ energy molecule
High, low
Metabolism is_________
The entire set of chemical reactions in the cell that convert other molecules and transfer energy
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO_2 +6H_2O ——> C_6 H_12 O_6 +6O_2
Carbon dioxide + water ——> glucose and oxygen
Solar energy is converted into ____ ____ energy and stored in the bonds of _____ through ______ in photosynthesis
Chemical potential, glucose, carbon fixation
All energy on earth comes from the ____
Sun
The 2 phases of photosynthesis
Light dependent reactions and light independent reactions. (They have a reciprocal relationship)
Oxidation is _____ electrons/energy and Recuction is ______ electrons/energy
Losing, gaining
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both rely on ___ reactions to shuttle _____ between the endergonic and exergonic parts of the process
Redox, electrons
Oxidation’s loses ____ and gains a ______ charge
Atoms, positive
Reduction ____ atoms and ____ a positive charge
Gains, loses
Oxidation and reduction always occurs in a set of _____ reactions
Coupled
In photosynthesis water is _____ releasing oxygen, and carbon dioxide is _____ forming carbohydrates.
Oxidized, reduced
Electron carries are molecules that can be both _____ and _____
Oxidized. Reduced
In photosynthesis electron carriers shuttle high energy electrons from the light_____ reactions to the light _____ reactions.
Dependent, independent
Examples of electron carriers in photosynthesis are ____ and ____
NADP+ and NADPH
Photons of light can strike and transfer energy into _____ shell electrons. This _____ the electrons causing them to jump up to higher energy level orbitals. It is possible for ______ ____to capture these electrons, leaving behind an ionized molecule (like H+)
Valence, excites, electron carriers
Light independent reactions occur in the ____ and light dependent reactions occcur on the ____ ____
Stroma, thylakoid membrane
Stacks of thylakoids are called _____
Granum
The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the _____ and the outside is called the ______
Lumen, stroma
Light dependent reactions inputs are ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ and ____
ADP, NADP+, Electrons, H+, sunlight, and water
Light dependent reactions outputs are _____ ____ and ____
ATP, O_2 and NADPH
The light reaction begins the absorption of ___ energy by the pigment _____
Light, chlorophyll
Chlorophyll hands off the electrons to the ____ which consists of a series of protein complexes located in the thylakoid membrane
Electron transport chain
The thylakoid membrane consist of _____ proteins and ____. These ____ proteins have ____ molecules
Photosystem, ATP Sythase, photosystem, chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll molecules in plants absorb all wavelengths of light except _____ which is reflected
Green
As wavelengths get bigger the amount of energy in the light ____
Decreases
What does the absorbance spectra do?
Show the wavelengths of light that are absorbed and reflected by different photosynthetic pigments
The peaks of the absorbance spectra is the _____ ____ energy used for photosynthesis.
Absorbed light
The valleys of the absorbance spectra is the _____ ____ energy that is seen by the eye and not used for photosynthesis.
Reflected light
Electron carriers shuttle high energy electrons from the light____ ___ to the light ____ _____
dependent reactions (exergonic), independent reactions (endergonic)
Ancestral ______ were the first to evolve the use of photosynthesis on specialized internal membrane
Prokaryotes
What type of reactions do photosynthesis and cellular respiration rely on?
Redox reactions
What do redox reactions shuttle in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Electrons
Photosynthesis is considered an _______ process.
Endergonic
Cellular respiration is considered an _______ process.
Exergonic
What are the two main parts of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Endergonic and exergonic parts
