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AP BIO > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 observations make up the cell theory?

A

All organisms are made up of cells
The cell is the fundamental unit of life
Cells come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

Define cell

A

Group of organelles and molecules working together to perform a specific task and help the organisms maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the 2 categories of cells

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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4
Q

Define metabolism

A

The set of chemical reactions in cells that build and break down macromolecules and harness energy

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5
Q

The two major types of prokaryotes are

A

Bacteria and archaea

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes that aren’t in eukaryotes?

A
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotes that aren’t in prokaryotes

A
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8
Q

What are the shared characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
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9
Q

How big is a cell usually?

A

10 micrometers to 1 mm in range

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10
Q

What’s important about a cells size?

A
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11
Q

What’s a non membrane bound organelle?

A

Organelles that do not have their own membrane inside of the cell

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12
Q

What’s a membrane bound organelle

A

Organelles that have their own membrane inside of the cell

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13
Q

Why are membrane bound organelles important?

A
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14
Q

Why are membrane bound organelles important regarding the size of the inside of the cell?

A
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15
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ regarding their nucleus?

A

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and extensive internal membrane and rather have their DNA in the shape of a circle found in the nucleoid. Prokaryotes also often contain smaller circles of DNA known as plasmids that can transferred through threadlike structures called pili

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16
Q

Eukaryotes evolved ___ compared to prokaryotes in the history of life

A

Later

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17
Q

What are the two ways to look at the endosymbiotic theory?

A
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18
Q

What was the mutual benefit of the prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Ancestral prokaryotic = would become eukaryote through engulfing proto prokaryote

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19
Q

What 4 pieces of evidence suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living bacteria?

A
  1. Structural evidence
    Chloroplasts and Cyanobacteria have stacks of membrane
  2. DNA evidence
    Similar genes/DNA sequences
  3. Reproduction
    Both do binary fission
  4. chloroplasts and mitochondria have a double membrane suggesting that when they were engulfed as a proto prokaryote they took some of the membrane off the ancestral prokaryote and it formed around their 1st membrane
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20
Q

The evidence that suggests of mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living organism promotes that chloroplasts came from ____ and mitochondria came ____

A

Cyanobacteria (archaea)
Proto bacteria (bacteria)

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21
Q

What are all non membrane bound organelles

A

Cell membrane, cell wall, Ribosomes, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, centriole and spindle fibers, flagella
(8)

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22
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A
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23
Q

What is the cell wall?

A
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24
Q

True or false: Ribosomes are only found in animals

A

False

they are found in all living organisms

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25
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

Proteins and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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26
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Read messenger RNA (mRNA) to synthesize proteins

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27
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

Attached to Rough ER or free floating in the cytoplasm

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28
Q

What’s the cytoplasm? What does it do and what’s it the site of?

A
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29
Q

What’s the cytoskeleton? What does it do and what’s its parts?

A
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30
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

The fluid part of the cytoplasm

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31
Q

What do the centriole and spindle fibers do?

A
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32
Q

What’s flagella and cilia?

A
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33
Q

Name all membrane bound organelles

A

MiNuSERNuRERGaLyPeVaCh

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34
Q

Name all organelles in the endomembrane system

A

NEVERGALCM

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35
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the ____

A

Outer memebrane of the nuclear envelope

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36
Q

What’s the nucleus and what happens there?

A
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37
Q

What’s the nucleolus and what happens there?

A
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38
Q

What happens at the smooth ER

A
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39
Q

Where is the rough er and what does it do

A
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40
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do

A
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41
Q

How does the Golgi apparatus process proteins and lipids. What are they called afterward and what does each one do

A
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42
Q

What is the order of protein secretion from the cell

A
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43
Q

What do peroxisomes do

A
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44
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A
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45
Q

What’s a vacuole and what does it do

A
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46
Q

What’s different about mitochondrial membranes

A
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47
Q

What’s different about chloroplast structure?

A
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48
Q

What type of cells are cytoskeletons present. How do cytoskeletons affect the structure in eukaryotes

A

All cells

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49
Q

The cell wall in plants are made of ___ to help maintain ___ and present in _ _ _ _ _

A

Cellulose
Cell structure
Plants, algae, fungi, archaea, bacteria

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50
Q

Vacuole are ___ organelles in plant cells that help maintain __

A

Conspicuous
Turgor pressure

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51
Q

Define surface area

A

Measure of the total surface of a three dimensional object

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52
Q

Define volume

A

Measure of the total space occupied by a three dimensional object

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53
Q

What do cells need a large surface area to volume ratio?

A
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54
Q

How do projections effect a cell

A
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55
Q

The rate of diffusions is the ___ regardless cell size

A

Same

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56
Q

As objects get bigger, surface area to volume ratio ___

A

Decreases

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57
Q

True or false: surface area increases more slowly than volume as a object gets larger

A

True

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58
Q

Diffusion is ____ and only effective over ___ distances

A
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59
Q

What limits the size of eukaryotes?

A

Diffusion

Diffusion is the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

60
Q

Where are active cells located in some multicellular organisms?

A

Along the periphery close to the source of nutrients and other key molecules

This positioning allows for efficient nutrient uptake.

61
Q

What organ in some multicellular organisms has a large surface area to facilitate diffusion?

A

Lungs

The structure of lungs enhances gas exchange due to their large surface area and thin walls.

62
Q

True or False: Diffusion allows for the transport of nutrients in multicellular organisms.

A

True

Diffusion is crucial for delivering nutrients to cells in multicellular organisms.

63
Q

Fill in the blank: Some multicellular organisms have _______ with large surface areas and thin walls that allow for diffusion.

A

organs

Organs like lungs are specialized for efficient gas exchange.

64
Q

What is bulk flow

A
65
Q

What does bulk flow and what does it circumvent?

A
66
Q

What is the cell membrane and what is it composed of?

A
67
Q

Why is the cell membrane called a fluid mosaic

A

Because it is made of many components that can move laterally in the membrane

68
Q

Membranes have selective permeability this means what?

A
69
Q

Why do membranes only allow small non polar molecules diffuse freely through the spaces between the phospholipids?

A
70
Q

What’s the structure of a phospholipid

A
71
Q

What are the components of the cell membrane? What do each of them do?

A
72
Q

Species that live in cold environments will have a higher percent of ___ fatty acids. Why

A

To increase membrane fluidity

73
Q

What are 3 types of proteins that are part of the cell membrane and fine them

A
74
Q

What are channel proteins

A
75
Q

What are receptor proteins

A
76
Q

What’s an Aquaporin

A

Channel proteins that allow water to pass through more easily

77
Q

What’s a carrier protein

A

Integral protein that transports large or charged molecules across the membrane due to conformational change

78
Q

What’s importance of cell transport

A
79
Q

What’s the concentration gradient and how does it generally move molecules?

A

Difference in concentration of molecules across a space

molecules moving with the concentration gradient moves from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

80
Q

Atoms/molecules have inherit energy that causes them to vibrate and move ___

A

Randomly

81
Q

Net movement refers to ____. These molecules generally follow the ____

A
82
Q

What is cell transport and the two types?

A
83
Q

What is passive transport and what does it require for molecules to pass through

A
84
Q

What is active transport and what does it require for molecules to pass through

A
85
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium in regards to diffusion?

A
86
Q

What are the 3 different types of passive transport

A
87
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A
88
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
89
Q

Diffusion is not affected by the number of ______

A

Solutes

90
Q

What type of molecules require channel proteins to cross the membrane?

A

Large, polar, and charged molecules

These molecules cannot easily pass through the hydrophobic core of the membrane.

91
Q

What is the role of channel proteins in cellular transport?

A

Facilitate the crossing of dense hydrophobic core of the membrane by specific molecules

Channel proteins are integral membrane proteins that assist in the transport of substances.

92
Q

Facilitated diffusion and Active Transport are both examples of _______.

A

[facilitated transport]

These processes help in the movement of substances across the cell membrane.

93
Q

True or False: Facilitated diffusion requires energy input.

A

False

Facilitated diffusion is a passive process.

94
Q

What is the primary difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

A

Active transport requires energy, while facilitated diffusion does not

Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient.

95
Q

Large quantities of water require the help of ___ (which are an example of ___) to pass through the membrane since water is ____ and _____. Small quantities of ____ can still osmose through though

A

Aquaporins
Facilitated diffusion
Polar
hydrophilic
Water

96
Q

The ____ is an example of ____ and is responsible for the ____ of Na+ and K+ ions across the membranes of neurons. This allows for maintenance of _____ which is required for ____ in neurons

A

Sodium potassium pump
Active transport
Concentration gradient
Membrane potential
Electrochemical signaling

97
Q

Define membrane potential

A

Difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell. It helps the cell send signals.

98
Q

Secondary active transport uses the energy stored in an ____ to move another molecule against its gradient

A

Electrochemical gradient

99
Q

What is the membrane potential a consequence of?

A

Ion transportation

Membrane potential arises due to the movement of ions across the membrane.

100
Q

What creates the membrane potential?

A

Separation of charge across the membrane

This separation leads to a difference in electrical charge, analogous to a battery.

101
Q

How does the membrane function in relation to electrical potential energy?

A

Acts like a battery, storing electrical potential energy

The membrane’s ability to store energy is crucial for cellular functions.

102
Q

What happens when ions change concentrations on both sides of the membrane?

A

The membrane can become polarized and fire an electrical signal

This polarization is essential for processes such as nerve impulse transmission.

103
Q

What is endocytosis and what does it require

A

And the input of metabolic energy(ATP) to occur

104
Q

What is exocytosis and what does it require?

A

And the input of metabolic energy(ATP) to occur

105
Q

Exocytosis and endocytosis are example of ___ transport

A

Active

106
Q

When does phagocytosis occur? It’s an example of __cytosis

A

When a cell takes in large substances
Endo

107
Q

When does pinocytosis occur? It’s an example of __cytosis

A

When a cell takes in small substances
Endo

108
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

How an organism maintains the balance of water and dissolved materials in its body regardless of environmental conditions.

109
Q

How is osmoregulation maintained?

A

Through osmosis and adjusting water potential across the cell membrane.

110
Q

What happens to cells that do not properly maintain osmoregulation?

A

They will die; widespread failure can kill organisms.

111
Q

Osmosis is the ___ from ___ concentration to ____ concentration

A
112
Q

What does tonicity describe?

A

How much solute is dissolved in the solvent

Tonicity is crucial for understanding the movement of water across membranes.

113
Q

What are the two components of a solution in relation to tonicity?

A
  • Solute: Substance being dissolved
  • Solvent: Substance doing the dissolving

Understanding these components is essential for grasping the concept of tonicity.

114
Q

The tonicity of solutions on either side of the membrane will predict where the _______ will go.

A

water

115
Q

What determines the tonicity of a solution a cell is in?

A

The comparison of the extracellular solute concentration to the intracellular solute concentration

Tonicity affects the movement of water across the cell membrane.

116
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution where the extracellular solute concentration is lower than the intracellular solute concentration

Cells in a hypotonic solution may swell as water enters.

117
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution where the extracellular solute concentration is higher than the intracellular solute concentration

Cells in a hypertonic solution may shrink as water exits.

118
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

A solution where the extracellular solute concentration is equal to the intracellular solute concentration

Cells in an isotonic solution maintain their shape and volume.

119
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ solution causes a cell to swell due to lower extracellular solute concentration.

A

hypotonic

120
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ solution causes a cell to shrink due to higher extracellular solute concentration.

A

hypertonic

121
Q

True or False: An isotonic solution causes net movement of water into or out of the cell.

A

False

In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water.

122
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

A measure of the total concentration of solute particles in a solution, regardless of whether they cross the membrane.

123
Q

What does tonicity do?

A

Predicts water movement across the membrane, focusing on the concentration of solutes that can’t cross the membrane.

124
Q

True or False: Osmolarity considers only solutes that cannot cross the membrane.

A

False

125
Q

Fill in the blank: Tonicity focuses on the concentration of solutes that _______ cross the membrane.

A

can’t

126
Q

What does osmolarity measure?

A

Total concentration of solute particles in a solution.

127
Q

What does tonicity predict?

A

Water movement across the membrane.

128
Q

How does water move in terms of concentration?

A

Water moves from high concentration of water to low concentration of water.

This principle is essential in understanding osmosis.

129
Q

What is the relationship between water potential and water movement?

A

Water moves from areas of high water potential to areas of low water potential.

Water potential is a measure of the potential energy in water, influencing its movement.

130
Q

From where to where does water move based on solute concentration?

A

Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.

This process is crucial in biological systems for maintaining cell turgor pressure.

131
Q

What is the movement of water in relation to osmolarity?

A

Water moves from areas of low osmolarity to areas of high osmolarity.

Osmolarity refers to the concentration of solute particles in a solution.

132
Q

What must be determined to understand water movement relative to a cell?

A

You need to figure out if the concentration of water is higher inside or outside of the cell.

This assessment helps predict the direction of water flow during osmosis.

133
Q

What is the process through which water moves in plants?

A

Osmosis

134
Q

What structures must water move through in plant cells?

A

Cell wall and cell membrane

135
Q

Where is water stored in plant cells?

A

In large vacuoles

136
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

The pressure the water exerts back on the cell wall

137
Q

What does the cell wall exert back on the cell?

A

Force

138
Q

What does turgor pressure help maintain in plant cells?

A

The shape of the cell

139
Q

How does the cell wall affect water intake in plant cells?

A

It limits how much water can get into the cell

140
Q

What is one function of the cell wall in plant cells?

A

Provides structure

141
Q

Hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solution by plants

A
142
Q

What are osmoconformers?

A

Osmoconformers are able to change their internal osmotic concentration with change in external environment.

Examples include marine molluscs and sharks.

143
Q

What is the primary characteristic of osmoregulators?

A

Osmoregulators maintain their internal osmotic concentration irrespective of their external osmotic environment.

An example is otters.

144
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ are organisms that can change their internal osmotic concentration based on external conditions.

A

[Osmoconformers]

145
Q

True or False: Osmoregulators have the ability to change their internal osmotic concentration with changes in the external environment.

A

False

AP BIO (14 decks)

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