Unit 5B- Development Flashcards
Piaget Stages of development
Theory on how people develop cognitively
Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)
Babies interact with the world through their basic senses and development of movement (crawling, walking, etc).
Preoperational Stage (Piaget)
Toddlers begin to understand the world through their own point of view and develop language
Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget)
Young children (around age 7) begin to develop a basic sense of logical reasoning (math and basic grammar)
Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)
Children begin to develop the ability to think abstractly (metaphors, complex math, etc)
- Begins around puberty (12-13)
Object Permanence
The idea the objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
- Marks the transition from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage
Conservation
The idea that objects maintain their properties (mass, volume, etc) even in different forms.
- Marks the transition from preoperational stage to the concrete operational stage
- Famous experiment. Pouring the same liquid into a taller thinner glass (if a person has not mastered conservation they will believe the taller class contains more liquid.
Schema
Our understanding of the way the world works. We are constantly adding to and modifying our schemas.
Assimilation (Schema)
When you add new information to an already existing schema
Ex. Watching Lacrosse for the first time, you add it to your schema for sports
Accommodation (Schema)
When you subdivide an existing schema
Ex. You separate your schema for birds into birds that can fly and birds that can’t fly when you realize not all birds fly
Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development
People learn best in the “What we can do with help” category. They eventually gain the skills to “what we can do”
Erickson’s Stages of Social Development
Erickson’s theory about how we develop in to social beings. Each stage we encounter a conflict to overcome
Trust vs. Mistrust
infants learn to trust their caregivers. If they are not able to trust caregivers they will have difficulty trusting others later in life.
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
Toddlers learn to do things on their own or they feel shame/doubt their skills for not being able to do things
Initiative vs Guilt
Young children learn to take responsibility for their actions or they grow to become guilty for inappropriate behavior
Industry vs. Inferiority
Elementary age children learn to create and do things on their own but may feel inferior if they are not able to do as much as peers
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Teenagers are trying to figure out who they are, ore they become confused as to who they are
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults work to find romantic relations/close friendships ore they feel lonely
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Mid life crisis
-middle adults begin to feel like life is not going anywhere so they begin to adopt new hobbies or interests
Integrity vs Despair
Older adults look back on their lives and determine if they lived a good life or are disappointed in their life
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
Kohlberg theorized how we respond to moral dilemmas as we get older
Preconventional Morality
We make decisions based on rewards or consequences. We are concerned how others view us.
Ex. I won’t steal because I might get punished
- Usually younger kids
Conventional Morality
We follow the rules and norms and society. We make decisions that follow social or legal conventions.
Ex. we shouldn’t steal because it is illegal
- elementary kids and teens
Postconventional Morality
Sometimes we realize that rules of society can be broken to lead to greater good.
Ex. It is ok to steal for survival or to benefit others
- adults
Authoritarian Parent
Parents who are strict or uncompromising (High control, Low support)
- “My way or the highway” parent
Authoritative Parent
Parents who foster responsibility and relationships (high control, high support)
The best parenting style for development
- the democratic parent
Permissive Parent
Parent who does not punish child but supports them unconditionally (high support, low control)
- “Best Friend” parent
Harlow’s Monkey Study
Proved that humans crave love and comfort more than survival.
- Monkeys chose the warm, fluffy mother over the mother with food
- Monkeys deprived of mother relationship at a young age grew up confused and damaged for life
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Study
A study designed to show attachment between infant and parent
- parent left child in a room with a stranger and examined the response when they left and when the parent returned
Secure Attachment
A child uses parent to explore the world and make mistakes
- Child is distressed when a parent leaves
- child calms down when parent returns
Insecure attachment
A child is hesitant to explore the world or indifferent to strangers
- Child is overly distressed or indifferent when parent leaves
- Child does not calm down or is indifferent when parent returns
Nature vs Nurture Controversy
The argument over what about our identifies comes from genetics (nature) and what is developed by our environment (nurture)
Critical Period
A period (after birth usually) where development occurs. If certain milestones are not reached then there are lifelong consequences.
