Unit 2B: Social Psychology Flashcards
Go along with the group (behave in order to fit in to the group)
Conformity
When in a large group of people, people are less likely to respond or help.
- Ex. Someone is hurt, but hundreds of people walk by
Bystander Effect
Experiment on Obedience
- Researchers attempted to see if participants would continue to shock someone if authority figure said it was ok
- 70% of all participants were willing to lethally shock someone in order to obey
Milgram Experiment
Experiment on Conformity
- Researchers saw if people would go along with a group answer even if they knew it was wrong
- 5 people before the participant gave the wrong answer about the length of the lines
- Participants conformed to the group
- Things that weaken conformity:
- someone else who agrees with you
- private answers (writing instead of saying out loud)
Asch Experiment
Experiment on Cognitive Dissonance
- Participants did a boring task (turning wood blocks) after the experiment, Festinger asked them to lie to the next participant saying the activity was fun
- One group was paid $20, one group was paid $1
The group that was paid $1 actually BELIEVED the activity was fun in order to justify the low payment.
Festinger Experiment
Case Study on the Bystander Effect
- Set out to understand why 30+ people watched a woman get raped and murdered, but did not intervene
Latane & Darley Study
Experiment on Superordinate Goals
- Sherif took 2 groups of boys and made them compete for limited resources. The groups began to hate each other
- After 2 weeks, made them work together (superordinate goals) to benefit both groups. This reduced the tension between the groups
Sherif Experiment
Experiment on Social Norms/Roles
- Stanford Prison Experiment. Students were given the role of guard or prisoner.
- Experiment was shut down early because participants became too entrenched in their roles
Zimbardo Study
When 2 opposing groups work together on a common goal. Superordinate Goals reduce the tension between groups
Superordinate Goals
Social rules that people follow as a member of society
- ex. Walking on the right
Social Norms
The part a person plays in society along with all the responsibilities and obligations. For example, Teacher and student are distinct social roles.
Social Roles
Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people
- Ex. White men can’t jump
Stereotypes
Negative attitude toward a group of people
Prejudice
Negative ACTION towards a group of people
-ex. preventing black people from voting
Discrimination
When in a group of people, a person does less work than if they were working alone
Social Loafing
When in a large group (or when a person cannot be recognized) people are willing to behave or act in ways they would not. They lose their individual identity and take on the identity of the group
- ex. Rioters
Deindividuation
When a person performs a simple task better in front of a crowd
Social Facilitation
When a person performs worse in front of a crowd (stage freight)
Social inhibition
When groups are separated, they grow further and further apart
Group Polarization
When making group decisions, a person cares more about harmony, rather than the best possible outcome (don’t rock the boat)
Groupthink
In a group, the idea that someone else will respond, so I won’t have to. Since there are other people around, we give them the responsibility (causes the bystander effect)
Diffusion of Responsibility
Blaming a persons actions on their disposition (personality) rather than the situation
-ex. Joey didn’t do his homework, teacher thinks, “Joey is such a bad student”
Fundamental Attribution Error
When good things happen we attribute them to our disposition (personality), when bad things happen we blame the situation
- ex. Football team wins a game, “We are the best players, no one can stop us!”
- Team loses a gam, “Man, the refs made such bad calls, it was their fault we lost!”
Self-Serving Bias
When you believe something is true about yourself and it becomes true
- ex. Johnny believed he would fail his test. He didn’t study and he failed.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
When you ask for something small, and work your way up to a larger request.
- Ex. You ask for $5 to see a movie, then you ask for a ride, then you ask your mom to take your friend home
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomena
We tend to like things more after consistent exposure to them
-Ex. Alice like Brussel Sprouts more now that her mom has made them everyday for a week
Mere exposure Effect
When there is a disagreement between our actions and our beliefs
- We will change our actions or change our beliefs to match
-Ex. A typically good student struggles in a class changes her mind, “I never liked school anyway”
Cognitive Dissonance
Actors tend to blame the situation
Observers tend to blame the disposition of the individual.
- Ex. Johnny forgot to do the homework because he was working late, his teachers and classmates believe that Johnny is lazy.
Actor-Observer Bias
When you attempt to convince someone using facts and logic, evidence
Central Route to Persuasion
When you use charisma, fame, looks, or anything outside of the facts to attempt to convince someone.
- Ex. Nike uses Michal Jordan and LeBron James to sell shoes instead of the facts of why their shoes are better.
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
We socially tend to return the favor. If someone buys you a present for your birthday, you may also get them a present for theirs. (You scratch my back, I scratch yours)
Reciprocity
Tendency to blame an out-group for larger social problems
Scapegoat Theory
Tendency to prefer a group that you are a member of
In-group Bias
