Unit 3A- Cognition

Question 1

Algorithm

Answer 1

Step-by-step process of solving a problem

Question 2

Heuristic

Answer 2

a mental shortcut to solve a problem based off past experiences

Question 3

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 3

Making judgements in a situation based on our previous prototypes
Ex. The president gave a speech last week- We assume the president is male given our prototype for political leadership

Question 4

Availability Heuristic

Answer 4

Making judgements or decisions based off the information we have been exposed to

Ex. We think Chicago is deadlier than Kansas City because we hear about it on the news, but more people die in Kansas City every year.

Question 5

Confirmation Bias

Answer 5

When you look for information that only serves your viewpoint and ignore any information that does not serve your viewpoint

Ex. Skip Bayless thinks Michael Jordan is the GOAT and ignores the fact that LeBron James has passed him in most statistics.

Question 6

Fixation

Answer 6

You become stuck on a certain problem solving technique

Question 7

Mental Set

Answer 7

The way you approach a problem

Question 8

Functional Fixedness

Answer 8

When you believe an object is good ONLY for its intended purpose

Ex. Stuck needing a screwdriver, but not realizing you could use a pair of scissors to screw in a screw in a pinch

Question 9

Framing

Answer 9

The way something is worded affects the response

Ex. Soap kills 99% of Germs
vs. Soap allows 1% of germs to survive.

Question 10

Belief Perseverance

Answer 10

Continuing to believe something to be true, even after it’s been proven wrong

Question 11

Schema

Answer 11

A mental category for information

Ex. we have a schema for sports

Question 12

Prototype

Answer 12

The best example for a specific schema

Ex. When you think of a tree, what does it look like

Question 13

Phoneme

Answer 13

Smallest unit of sound in language (not letters)

Ex. ch- is a phoneme that makes a specific sound, even though it combines letters.

Question 14

Morphemes

Answer 14

Smallest unit of meaning in language (can be short words, prefixes, suffixes, plurals)

Ex. Chip is one morpheme, Chips is 2, the extra - means more than 1

Question 15

Sensory Memory

Answer 15

Smallest unit of memory (3-5 sec.) most do not get encoded

Question 16

Short-Term Memory

Answer 16

Working memory, information we use temporarily. If we need it, we store it, if we don’t we forget it.
- can hold 7 + or - 2 things

Question 17

Long-Term Memory

Answer 17

• our infinite storage capacity. information can stay here forever
• Stored in the hippocampus

Question 18

Encoding

Answer 18

Getting information into our brain

Question 19

storage

Answer 19

keeping information in our brain

Question 20

retrieval

Answer 20

getting information out of our brain so we can use it

Question 21

rehearsal

Answer 21

repeating information over and over again aids in recall

Question 22

Distributed Practice

Answer 22

Spreading studying into small chunks over time rather than all at once (massed practice)

Question 23

Serial Position Effect

Answer 23

We remember information based on the order presented to us. We typically remember the first words on a list (primacy effect) or the last words on a list (recency effect)

Question 24

Long Term Potentiation

Answer 24

The neurons that fire to establish long term memory

Question 25

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 25

Remembering vivid details of an emotionally significant event (almost like a mental photograph)

Ex. Remembering what your dad smelled like when he returned home from war

Question 26

Episodic memory

Answer 26

Remembering specific events, situations, and experiences

Ex. Your friend’s birthday party

Question 27

Amnesia

Answer 27

Forgetting a memory

Question 28

Implicit Memory

Answer 28

The memory of skills (walking, running, writing, etc.)

- Stored in the cerebellum

Question 29

Explicit memory

Answer 29

The memory of facts or information

- Stored in the hippocampus

Question 30

Recall

Answer 30

Remembering all the information from memory

Ex- FRQs

Question 31

Recognition

Answer 31

Remembering based off of a stimulus

Ex- Multiple choice questions, remembering lyrics to a song after the music starts

Question 32

Mood Congruent Memory

Answer 32

Memories created under a certain emotion are more likely remembered when we experience that emotion again
Ex. When we are angry we tend to remember other things that made us angry

Question 33

State-Dependent Memory

Answer 33

Memories created in a certain mental state are more likely remembered when we return to that mental state

Ex. Joe lost his keys when he was drunk, when he got drunk again, he remembered where he put his keys

Question 34

Context-Dependent Memory

Answer 34

Our environment can become a cue for certain memories

Ex. Walking back into KIPP after you graduated, you remember memories that happened there

Question 35

Proactive Interference

Answer 35

When old information affects our ability to remember new information (PORN)

Ex. Changed your password, can only remember the old one

Question 36

Retroactive Interference

Answer 36

When new information affects our ability to remember old information (PORN)

Ex. Got a new phone number cant remember your old one

Question 37

Overjustification Effect

Answer 37

When you are rewarded for something you enjoy doing, you stop getting enjoyment from it

Ex. Professional athletes retiring early because the sport is “no longer fun”

Question 38

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 38

When you believe something will happen and it comes true

Ex. John believed he would fail on the test and he failed.

Question 39

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Answer 39

Information OTHER than the facts that affects our decision

Ex. We bought a pair of Jordan’s because someone said they were cool as opposed to them being good shoes

Question 40

Central Route to Persuasion

Answer 40

When we are convinced based on the fact or information

Ex. We wear a mask because it lowers the risk of transmitting COVID