Unit 5 Flashcards
Griffith
Bacterial Transformation
Chargoff
The base pair rule
Avery
DNA was the hereditary material of viruses
Wilkens+Franklin
Determined the shape of DNA from X-rays
Watson+Crick
Established the entire structure of DNA (double helix)
1st step of reconstruction
DNA is unzipped using HELICASE
2nd step of reconstruction
Polymerase travels down 3’ to 5’, adds nucleotides, and bonds sugars and phosphates together
3rd step of reconstruction
Okazaki fragments are bonded by ligase
Helicase
Unzips DNA during replication
DNA Polymerase
Adds nucleotides, bonds sugars and phosphates
Lagging End
replicated in the 5’ to 3’ direction in discontinuous chunks
Leading End
replicated in the 3’ to 5’ direction continuously
Nucleotide
Contains a sugar, phosphate, and base (ATGC)
Every 3 bases on mRNA is called a…
CODON
Codons specify…
one amino acid
Chains of amino acids are…
proteins
Transcription
the process where mRNA is made from DNA
Translation
process by which protein is built from the mRNA, occurs in the cytoplasm at a ribosome
RNA traits
uses ribose, urical instead of thymine, single strand, can leave the nucleus
RNA polymerase
used to build the strand of RNA in the nucleus
tRNA is used to build an…
amino acid chain by delivering an amino acid to bind to the previous one (anti-codon, has a single attached amino acid)
Operon consists of…
a promoter, operater, and structural genes
Promoter
where RNA polymerase attaches signalling the start of the gene
Operator
where a repressor binds, stopping the transcription of that gene
Structural Genes
genes coding for the enzyme, transcribed as a unit
TRYP Operon in E.Coli
exsists in the “ON” state, controls production of tryptophan
LAC Operon in E.Coli
exsists in the “OFF” state, turns on when lactose is present
Repressible Operon
is normally ON but can be turned off (TRYP OPERON)
Inducible Operon
is normally OFF but can be turned on (LAC OPERON)
Recombinant DNA Tech
DNA from different sources is combined (human DNA + bacterial DNA)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
creates millions of copies of a gene (or segment of DNA) using DNA polymerase
Gene Amplification
DNA must be heated to separate strands
