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AP Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

the ability to do work

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2
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy

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4
Q

First law of thermodynamics: law of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be destroyed or created

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5
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be changed without a loss of usable energy (heat)

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6
Q

Enzymes

A

protein molecule that functions as an organic catalyst to speed up reactions

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7
Q

Substrate

A

enzymes attach to and act on (can be hydrolyzed or synthesized)

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8
Q

Energy of activation

A

the energy required to cause the reaction

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9
Q

Enzymes are denatured in…

A

high temperatures, high pH, high saline solution

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10
Q

While using enzymes, activation energy is…

A

lowered

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11
Q

enzyme names mostly end in the letters…

A

ASE

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12
Q

enzyme that breaks down sucrose is…

A

sucrase

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13
Q

enzyme that breaks down lactose is…

A

lactase

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14
Q

Indused fit model

A

substrates and enzymes fit together

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15
Q

Degradation

A

the substrate is broken down to smaller products (breaking down)

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16
Q

Synthesis

A

the substrates are combined to produce a larger product (building)

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17
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

release energy, spontaneous, down hill reactions

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18
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

absorb energy, requires energy, uphill reactions

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19
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

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20
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

break down larger/complex molecules into smaller molecules and release energy (DEGRADATION)(EXERGONIC)

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21
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

use energy to build more complex molecules from relatively simple raw materials (SYNTHESIS)(ENDERGONIC)

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22
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Inhibitor binds to the active site and blocks it

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23
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

Inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme and alters its shape

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24
Q

Allosteric activators

A

Inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme and changes the shape so substrates can bind more efficiently

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25
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

the product of the reaction will become an inhibitor, slowing down/stopping product from being created, conserve energy and maintain homeostasis in the cell

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26
Q

Cellular respiration

A

set of metabolic reactions, takes place in the mitochondria, converts glucose (nutrients) to ATP

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27
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

occurs in the presence if oxygen

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28
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

takes place when no air is present, produces lactic acid and alcohol

29
Q

Step 1: Glycolysis

A

occurs in the cytoplasm (out of the mitochondria), breaks down glucose with an enzyme called pyruvate kinase, releases 2 ATP

30
Q

Reshuffling of carbon before Krebs

A

glucose-> 2 pyruvate(3 carbon)-> 2 Acetyl CoA(2 carbon), extra carbon is waste

31
Q

Step 2: Krebs cycle

A

occurs in the matrix, FADH2 (another carrier) and NADH are created, net yiwld of 2 ATP, net yield of 6 NADH and 2 FADH2-> sent to ETC, oxidation of glucose produces CO2

32
Q

Step 3: Electron Transport System

A

consists a series of enzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae), electrons are released from NADH and FADH2 passing along these enzymes giving up energy used to processes chemiosmosis<- drives ATP synthase<- makes ADP into ATP (38 ATP total)

33
Q

Stomata

A

openings in the leaf that allow for the exchange of gases

34
Q

Guard cells

A

open and close stomata openings

35
Q

Photosynthetic pigments

A

pigments found in chlorophyll absorb various portions of visible light; absorption spectrum

36
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

spectophotometer measures the amount of light that passes through a sample of pigments

37
Q

Action spectrum

A

measures the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light measured by the rate of oxygen produced

38
Q

Photosynthesis formula

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

39
Q

Light reactions

A

take place when there is light present in the thylakoid

40
Q

Calvin cycle (dark reactions)

A

take place in stroma, occur in light or dark, reshuffling of carbons using NADPH and ATP as energy

41
Q

Stroma

A

open space in the chloroplast

42
Q

Thylakoid

A

green disks found in a stack (granum)

43
Q

photosystem 1

A

Makes NADPH (part of LR)

44
Q

photosystem 2

A

Makes ATP (part of LR)

45
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

electron receptors from photosystem 2 pass H2O through to create ATP

46
Q

NADP reductase

A

reaction from photosystem 1 and 2 go through to create NADPH

47
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

the process of making ATP in LR

48
Q

Fixation

A

Attachment of CO2 to RuBP

49
Q

RuBP (Rubisco)

A

a 5 carbon molecule/enzyme that combines with carbon dioxide in the calvin cycle

50
Q

Reduction

A

3-phospho-glycerate to G3P

51
Q

Regeneration

A

RuBP from G3P

52
Q

G3P

A

Glucose, Fructose

53
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme makes ADP into ATP (ADP+P)

54
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Returns the body back to a set point (ex. maintaining temperature)

55
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

increase activity (ex. uterine contractions)

56
Q

Paracrine signals

A

signal and target cell are close together

57
Q

Endocrine signals

A

originate from endocrine cells, and send signals to distant target cells through bloodstream

58
Q

Autocrine signals

A

signal and target cell are the same

59
Q

Direct signaling

A

Gap junctions (animals), plasmodesmata (plants)

60
Q

Gap junction

A

gated channels between animal cells

61
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasm exchange between plant cells

62
Q

Cell-surface receptors

A

viruses attach to a cell and inject DNA

63
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels

A

channels that open in response of the binding of a ligand

64
Q

Signalling pathway

A

Reception, Transduction, Response

65
Q

Signal molecule

A

Molecule sending out signals

66
Q

Target molecule

A

Molecule receiving signals

67
Q

Gprotein-coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

Proteins embedded in the membrane alpha-helices and beta sheets are secondary structures (Ligand binds to the recepting site out of the cell, activates GTP in the cell and causes a intercellular response)

68
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

a signalling molecule secreted by a neuron to after another cell (ex. dopamine)

69
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

C6H126O2-> 6CO2+6H2O~38ATP

AP Biology (27 decks)

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