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AP Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Simple cell, does not have a membrane bound nucleus, Bacteria + Archaea

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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Complex cell, Membrane bound nucleus, complex, phospholipid bi-layer

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3
Q

Endosymbiosis Theory

A

Possible explanation of the origin of eukaryotic cells, cell engulfing/not digesting mitochondria and chloroplast

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA, chromosomes

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5
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Uses glucose to create cellular energy in the form of ATP (cellular respiration), has DNA

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8
Q

Peroxisomes

A

contain enzyme catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Break down substances inside a cell (Hydrolysis/digestion). Filled with enzymes.

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10
Q

Vacuoles

A

Used for storage, found in plants and animals (Holds water, oil, pigments for flowers, toxins)

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11
Q

Centrosomes

A

moves chromosomes during cell division, build cytoskeleton, only animal cells

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12
Q

Chloroplast

A

Plant cells only, site of photosynthesis, has DNA, produces sugar for the organism

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13
Q

Cell wall

A

Only plant cells, structure, made of cellulose

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14
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Helps to maintain osmotic equilibrium and membrane potential in cells (pumps out 3 sodium for every 2 potassium taken in)

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15
Q

Denaturing

A

The protein loses its structure and its functions.

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Polymers are broken apart(digested), water is added

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17
Q

Gap junction

A

animal cells only and are gated channels

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18
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasm exchange between plant cells

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19
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Monomers are bonded together to form a polymer, water is removed

20
Q

main components of a cell membrane

A

Hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails, phospholipids+cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins

21
Q

aquaporin

A

Transport water across the cell membrane while preventing ions to pass through (sodium,potassium)

22
Q

Why are cells small?

A

They need to be able to get in nutrients and remove waste quickly (less surface area to travel)

23
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Water moves out of the cell, cell shrinks, salty outside(water moves to hypertonic solutions)

24
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Water moves into the cell, cell could burst

25
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

No net movement (equilibrium)

26
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water (attracted to salt)

27
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Form small openings for molecules to diffuse through (always open)

28
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

binding site on protein surface “grabs” certain molecules and pulls them into the cell (change shape as they move along the cell membrane)

29
Q

Gated channels

A

Similar to channel proteins, not always open

30
Q

Cholesterol (lipid)

A

stiffens membrane by connecting phospholipids

31
Q

Glycolipids (carb)

A

signal molecules; communicate with other cells

32
Q

Glycoproteins (carb)

A

Have a chain of sugars; defense against foreign substances (antibodies)

33
Q

Passive transport

A

No energy required, High to low concentration, only certain substances can pass through the membrane on their own (Diffusion)

34
Q

Facilitated transport

A

Diffusion that is assisted by channel or carrier proteins

35
Q

Contractile Vacoules

A

are found in fresh water organisms, pump out excess waterr

36
Q

Turgor pressure

A

occurs in plant cells as their central vacuoles fill with water

37
Q

Flaccid

A

plant cell draws away from the cell wall and appears limp

38
Q

Active transport

A

moving molecules against the concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP), low to high concentration

39
Q

Sodium Function

A

maintain nerve impulses around the body

40
Q

Potassium Function

A

used for maintaining cell fluids and electrolyte functions

41
Q

Endocytosis

A

taking substances into the cell, cell membrane changes shape and engulfs particles (enclosed in a vacuole)

42
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

form of endocytosis that uses proteins to alter the shape of the membrane

43
Q

Exocytosis

A

pushing substances out of the cell, such as the removal of waste, vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and the contained material is released into the extracellular fluid

44
Q

Selective Permeability

A

its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others while passing through cell membrane

45
Q

Cell surface carbohydrates are used for…

A

serve as points of attachment for other cells, viruses, toxins, hormones, and many other molecules

AP Biology (27 decks)

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