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AP Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Interphase

A

phase that prepares the cell for prophase, contains G1,S,G2

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2
Q

G1 Phase

A

cell grows, Organelles are replicated, 5-6 hours, checkpoint

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3
Q

S Phase

A

chromosomes are duplicated, Occurs in the nucleus, 10-12 hours

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4
Q

G2 Phase

A

more growth, completes preparation for division, 4-6 hours, checkpoint

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5
Q

Prophase I

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad, crossing over occurs

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6
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologs line up along the equator

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7
Q

Anaphase I

A

Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides

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8
Q

Telophase I

A

Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed

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9
Q

Prophase II

A

Follows meiosis I

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10
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator, not in homologous pairs

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11
Q

Anaphase II

A

Chromatids separate

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12
Q

Telophase II

A

Nuclear membrane forms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells

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13
Q

Gamete

A

sperm, egg cells

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14
Q

Chromatid

A

one half of a chromosome

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15
Q

Homologous chromosomes (homolog)

A

A pair of matching chromosomes in an organism, with one being inherited from each parent

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16
Q

Independent assortment

A

different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

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17
Q

Chaismata

A

point where chromosome touch and crossing over occurs

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18
Q

Spindle fibers

A

attach to the chromosomes in metaphase, work to split apart chromosomes

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19
Q

Cytokineses

A

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis

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20
Q

Daughter cells

A

product of meiosis or mitosis

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21
Q

Haploid

A

sex cells have half a set

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22
Q

Diploid

A

body cells have the full set of chromosomes

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23
Q

Meiosis

A

consists of 2 divisions resulting in 4 daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes

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24
Q

Zygote

A

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

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25
Q

Crossing over

A

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring

26
Q

Gametogenesis

A

the process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes

27
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a particular gene (ex. AA, aa)

28
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene (ex. Aa)

29
Q

Recessive Allele

A

an allele whose phenotype effect is not observed (ex. a)

30
Q

Dominant Allele

A

an allele whose phenotype effect is fully expressed (ex. A)

31
Q

Allele

A

any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

32
Q

Character

A

an observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals

33
Q

Phenotype

A

A descriptive of an organisms traits

34
Q

Genotype

A

A descriptive of its genetic makeup

35
Q

F1 Generation

A

the first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross

36
Q

F2 Generation

A

the offspring resulting from interbreeding (self pollination) of the hybrid in F1 generation

37
Q

Law of segragation

A

stating that two alleles in a pair separate from each other into different gametes during gamete formation

38
Q

Law of Independent Formation

A

stating that each pair of alleles assorts independently of each other pair during gamete formation

39
Q

Pleiotropic

A

the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects

40
Q

Epistatis

A

a type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene

41
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

42
Q

Individuals who lack the disorder are…

A

either homozygous dominant or heterozygous

43
Q

Co-dominant

A

a type of inheritance in which alleles of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual

44
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

a form of gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype

45
Q

True breeding

A

an organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits to its offspring of many generations

46
Q

Test cross

A

a cross between an individual displaying a recessive trait and one displaying a dominant trait to determine whether or not the dominant trait is heterozygous

47
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

single trait crosses (ex. AA x Aa)

48
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Double trait crosses (ex. AAbb x AaBB)

49
Q

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

A

states that chromosomes are carriers of genetic information

50
Q

Karyotype

A

Shows all chromosomes in an organism, organized by size

51
Q

Disorders that are recessive are…

A

masked in females by the other X chromosome

52
Q

Human Sex Linked Disorders

A

Colorblindness, Muscular Dystrophy, Hemophilia, Fragile X Syndrome

53
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Wasting away of muscles, life expectancy is 20 years

54
Q

Hemophilia

A

“bleeders disease”, blood doesn’t clot properly

55
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

Caused by triplet repeats (duplication mutation) in a gene on the X chromosome, causes mental retardation, tip of the X chromosome seemed to be attached only by a small thread

56
Q

Non-Disjunction

A

Changes the chromosome #

57
Q

Down Syndrome

A

extra chromosome in #21

58
Q

Trisomy-18 (Edwards syndrome)

A

Extra copy of chromosome #18, Failure to grow/gain weight, developmental delays and intellectual disability, physical appearance (malformed ears, small jaw, narrow eyes)

59
Q

Trisomy-13 (Patau Syndrome)

A

An extra copy of chromosome #13, 50% of babies die in the first month

60
Q

Chromosome Mutations

A

Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation

61
Q

Cri Du Chat

A

Deletion of gene on chromosome #5

AP Biology (27 decks)

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