Unit 4 Unit Test

Question 1

Gustav Fechner

Answer 1

With Weber, founder of psychophysics who studied the relations between physical changes and perceived changes in stimuli

Question 2

Ernst Weber

Answer 2

A founder of psychophysics who investigated the just noticeable difference and proposed Webers law

Question 3

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

Answer 3

demonstrated how specialized cells in the brain respond to visual information

Question 4

Transduction

Answer 4

is the process of converting physical energy into electrical signals

Question 5

Psychophysics

Answer 5

the study of relationship between physical energy and psychological experiences

Question 6

Bottom-Up processing

Answer 6

build up from the smallest pieces of sensory information

Question 7

Top-Down processing

Answer 7

brain applies what it knows and expects to perceive sensory information

Question 8

Webers Law

Answer 8

the size of the JND is directly proportional to the strength of the original stimulus

Question 9

Signal detection theory

Answer 9

maintains that min threshold varies with fatigue, attention, expectations, motivation, emotional distress, and from one person to another

Question 10

Cornea

Answer 10

transparnet curved layer in the front of the eye that bends incoming light rays

Question 11

Iris

Answer 11

colored muscle surrounding the pupil that regulates the size of the pupil opening

Question 12

Pupil

Answer 12

small adjustable opening in the iris that is smaller in bright light and larger in darkness

Question 13

Lens

Answer 13

structure behind the pupil that changes to focus on near or far objects by adjusting how light hits the retina

Question 14

Retina

Answer 14

light sensitive surface in the back of the eye containing rods and cones

Question 15

Photoreceptors

Answer 15

specialized light-sensitive neurons in the retina that convert light into neural impulses; includes rods and cones

Question 16

Feature detectors

Answer 16

specialized nerve cells in the visual cortex that respond to particular elements like shape movement edges and angles

Question 17

Trichromatic Theory

Answer 17

the retina has three color receptors that are sensitive to red green and blue light

Question 18

Opponent processing theory

Answer 18

the retina has receptors for three opposing pairs of colors; white-black, red-green, and yellow-blue

Question 19

Afterimages

Answer 19

images that remain visible after viewing an object. A negative afterimage reverse the colors in the original image

Question 20

Frequency

Answer 20

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given amount of time (determines the pitch of a sound)

Question 21

Pitch

Answer 21

The highness of lowness of a sound, the shorter the wavelength (higher frequency) the higher the sound

Question 22

Sound localization

Answer 22

the process by which you determine the location of a sound

Question 23

Outer ear

Answer 23

includes the pinna, the auditory canal, and the eardrum

Question 24

Middle ear

Answer 24

includes the three tiny bones, hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Question 25

Inner Ear

Answer 25

includes the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

Question 26

Cochlea

Answer 26

a snail shaped fluid filled tube in the inner ear with hair cells on the basilar membrane that transduce mechanical energy of vibrating molecules to the electrochemical energy of neural impulses

Question 27

Auditory Nerve

Answer 27

axons of neurons in the cochlea converge transmitting sound messages

Question 28

Place theory

Answer 28

the position on the basilar membrane at which waves reach their peak depends on the frequency of a tone, accounts for higher-pitched sounds

Question 29

Frequency theory

Answer 29

the rate of the neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling you to sense its pitch. Explains low-pitched sounds

Question 30

Gustation

Answer 30

the chemical sense of taste with receptor cells in taste buds

Question 31

Olfaction

Answer 31

the chemical sense of smell with receptors in a mucous membrane to the roof of the roof of the nasal cavity

Question 32

Olfactory Bulb

Answer 32

the smell center of the brain, which receives and processes chemical information from the olfactory nerve

Question 33

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 33

a subfield of psychology that suggests that the brain forms a perceptual whole that is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 34

Figure ground

Answer 34

ability to differentiate an object from its background

Question 35

Relative Motion

Answer 35

occurs when we ourselves are the moving objects. Objects that are fixed in one place appear to move along with us

Question 36

Cocktail Party Effect

Answer 36

ability to focus on a particular sound while partially filtering out other sounds

Question 37

Parapsychology

Answer 37

the study of paranormal phenomenon such as extrasensory perception and psychokinesis

Question 38

Figure Ground Pattern

Answer 38

the figure is what is focused on and the ground is the blurry background which is likely ignored

Question 39

Muller-Lyer Illusion

Answer 39

an optical illusion consisting of two line segments, one with arrows pointing inwards and one with arrows pointing outwards. Though both lines are of equal length, the line with the inward-pointing arrows is typically perceived to be longer lines on train tracks, look different actually the same

Question 40

Phi Phenomenon

Answer 40

the human visual system can process up to 10-12 images per second and still perceive the images as individual pictures, The movement of a series of pictures at a rate that suggests motion is called stroboscopic movements the circle of dots that look like their moving but are actually just blinking