Ap Psych Unit 3 biology + sleep stuff; Unit test Flashcards
a. Hemispheres
b. Left Hemisphere
c. Right Hemisphere
d. Lateralization
a. the brain has two hemispheres, left controls right side of the body and right controls left side of the body
b. any kind of thought that requires analysis (language speech handwriting calculation ect.)
c. specializes in widespread processing (perception, recognition of patterns, faces, emotions ect.)
d. there is some evidence that each brain hemisphere has its own distinct functions
(there is for sure some overlap tho)
Corpus Callosum
bunch of nerve fibers that connect the 2 hemispheres, messages move from 1 side of the brain to the other
a. Cerebral Cortex
b. Lobes
a. outer layer of the brain; the tissue is folded in on itself the folding and wrinkling allows for more surface area to fit inside the skull
b. areas of the cerebral cortex, location and primary function each lobe has a specialty
a. Frontal Lobe
c. Motor cortex
d. Brocas area
a. area of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, associated with motor skills, higher level cognition and expressive language
c. receives info from various lobes of the brain and uses this info to carry out body movements
d. in lower portion of the left frontal lobe, speech production and language comprehension (if damaged cant speak clearly)
a. Parietal Lobe
b. Somatosensory cortex
a. top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for processing sensory signals such as touch pressure temp and pain
b. receives and processes sensory info from the entire body
a. Occipital Lobes
a. rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain
a. Temporal lobe
b. Wernicke’s area
a. just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech
b. in left side of temporal lobe, comprehending speech
a. Brainstem
b. Medulla
c. Pons
d. Reticular Formation
a. most primitive part of the brain, base of the brain connected to the spinal cord, controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body + unconscious functions (ex. breathing)
b. by the top of the spinal cord, controls life sustaining functions, most fibers cross resulting in con-lateral control
c. larger swelling above the medulla, connects the top of the brain to the bottom, bridge between cerebral hemispheres and both medulla and cerebellum stimulating breathing and controlling sleep cycles
d. network of nerves that can carry messages between parts of the brainstem (integrates nervous system), regulates intensity of pain and controls some parts of the body, helps focus and filter out distractions
Cerebellum
helps control posture balance and coordination of voluntary movements (sports/ muscle memory) allows different parts of the body to act together and produce coordinated movement
a. Limbic system
b. Thalamus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Hippocampus
e. Amygdala
a. network of structures located below the cerebral cortex, coordinates: emotions (like fear/aggression) basic drives (hunger/sex) formation of episodic memories.
b. processes and transmits movement and sensory info, considered the sensory relay station, takes info from all senses to the cerebral cortex and to higher brain functions that deals with seeing hearing tasting and touching
c. connects with many other regions of the brain and is responsible for conditioning hunger thirst emotions body temp, circadian rhythm, also controls pituitary gland
d. formation organization and storage of memories, connecting certain sensations/emotions to these memories
e. processing emotions and survival responses, coordinates FFFF, influences aggression and fear
a. X Rays
b. Electroencephalograph (EEG)
c. Computer Tomography (CT or CAT)
d. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
e. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
f. Functional MRS (fMRI)
e. Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
a. shows bones, not soft tissue
b. place electrode on scalp then measure electrical activity of the brain
c. 2d xray photos from different angles + used to create 3d representation
d. brain imaging method using radio waves/magnetic fields of the body to produce 3d images (more detailed then CAT)
e. used to measure magnetic fields by the brain
f. detects changes in blood Ox generation and flow that occurs in response to neural activity
e. uses trace amounts of short lived radioactive material to map functional processes in the brain
a. Neuroplasticity
a. ability to change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience/trauma
Which scientists have studied split brain?
Roger Sperry and Micheal Gazzinga
Central Nervous System (CNS)
coordinates the actions and interactions of the brain and spinal cord, body’s main control center, largest nervous system
spinal cord is info highway
a. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
b. Motor Pathway
c. Sensory Pathway
a. PNS connects CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin
b. signals from brain to the muscles/glands away from the brain
c. signals from sensory receptors to the brain
Parts of the motor pathway/neurons:
a. Somatic Nervous System
b. Sensory Neurons, Afferent Neurons
c. Motor Neurons, Efferent Neurons
d. Interneurons
e. Reflex Arc
a. signals from your brain to the skeletal muscles, allows voluntary movements
b. carries info from the nerves to the CNS (outside -> brain)
c. carries info from CNS to muscle fibers
d. within the brain/spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and outputs
e. signal goes straight to the spinal cord instead of brain, reacts quicker
a. Autonomic Nervous System
b. Sympathetic Nervous System
c. Parasympathetic Nervous System
a. regulates involuntary and unconscious actions (ex. breathing)
b. Emergency response system, FFFF
c. functions to calm the person
a. Neuron
c. Dendrites (part of the neuron)
d. Soma (part of the neuron)
e. Axon (part of the neuron)
f. Myelin Sheath (part of the neuron)
g. Axon Terminals (part of the neuron)
a. specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages with electrochemical signals
c. branch like, receives electrical messages from other cells
d. cell body of the neuron, maintains the cell and keeps the neuron functional
e. carry messages out to other cells
f. protects neuron
g. at end of the axon, sends signal to other neurons
Synapse
meeting between neurons at the end of the terminal (the gap)
Receptor Sites
receives signals, where the neurotransmitter fits into/ is received
Neurotransmission
process by which info travels through a neuron, neurons pass on impulses to each other
Reuptake
recycling
Threshold
level of stimulation that a cell body (soma) uses to decide whether to tell the axon to create electricity
Resting Potential
when there is a difference between the charges outside the and inside, waiting for threshold to be reached
Action Potential
firing, a neuron sends info down an axon away from the soma/cell body
Refractory Period
period of time during which the cell is incapable of repeating an action potential
its recovery time
Neurotransmitters
chemicals in the brain that carry messages from 1 neuron to another (lots of different kinds of neurotransmitters)
a. Excitatory neurotransmitters
b. Inhibitory neurotransmitters
a. they excite connecting neurons and cause them to fire, more action potentials are fired
b. prevent the next neuron from firing
Acetylcholine
what is it?
Deficit and Surplus
is a neurotransmitter
thought, learning, memory + activating muscle action, excitatory
Deficit: dementia, Alzheimer’s, lack of muscle movement/control
Surplus: severe muscle spasms
Serotonin
what is it?
Deficit and Surplus
is a neurotransmitter
well-being, happiness, sleep cycle/melatonin, intentional movements, inhibitory
Deficit: depression, anxiety, suicide, OCD Surplus: Hallucinations
Dopamine
what is it?
Deficit and Surplus
is a neurotransmitter
pleasure chemical, reward/motivation, inhibitory
Deficit: depression, Parkinson’s, tremors, anxiety, memory problems, ADHD
Surplus: schizophrenia, drug addiction
Norepinephrine
what is it?
Deficit and Surplus
is a neurotransmitter
response to danger FFFF, excitatory
Deficit: depression + mental disorders Surplus: anxiety
GABA
what is it?
Deficit and Surplus
is a neurotransmitter
calming, natural tranquilizer, sleepy, inhibitory
Deficit: anxiety, seizures, tremors, insomnia
Surplus: overeating sleeping/eating disorders
Glutamate
what is it?
Deficit and Surplus
is a neurotransmitter
normal operations; thinking long term memory and learning, excitatory
Deficit: insomnia, concentration problems
Surplus: migraines, epileptic seizures
Endorphins
what is it?
Deficit and Surplus
is a neurotransmitter
relieve pain and stress, feelings of pleasure/euphoria, released during exercise pain and sex, inhibitory
Deficit: experiencing to much pain
Surplus: not giving adequate warning about pain, artificial highs
a. Endocrine System
b. Hormones “chemical messengers”
a. glands that secrete hormones into your blood, hormones travel to target organs where they bind to specific receptors
b. produced in endocrine glands, secreted into the blood stream, longer to take effect but last longer, some hormones are chemically the same as neurotransmitters
Pituitary Gland “Master Gland”
small structure in the core of the brain, controlled by hypothalamus, regulates stress, growth, and reproduction, also influence the release of hormones by other glands
Endocrine system other glands:
a. Thyroid Gland
c. Adrenal Glands
a. in lower neck makes thyroxin that regulates metabolism, growth, and appetite
c. two glands on top of each other kidney involved in stress response, releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)
Some Hormones:
a. Oxytocin
b. Epinephrine “Adrenaline”
c. Cortisol
a. regulates social interaction and sexual reproduction, acts like a neurotransmitter in the brain
b. body’s version of norepinephrine, high stress or exciting situations, physical boost + heightened awareness
c. body’s main stress hormone woks with certain parts of your brain to control your mood motivation and fear
Biological Psychology
defentition and
tends to stress importance of genetics and biological influences
nature
What types of waves are there and to what level of consciousness/unconsciousness are they associated?
Beta Waves - awake/alert
Alpha Waves - light sleep
Theta Waves - early sleep
Delta Waves - deepest sleep
a. describe non-REM Stage 1
b. describe non-REM Stage 2 and sleep spindles
c. describe non REM Stage 3+4
d. REM Sleep also called paradoxical sleep
a. wakefulness ->asleep drifting in and out of sleep, theta increases as alpha fades away
b. body temp drops, heart beat slows, shallow breathing, EEG would show first signs of sleep spindles, theta waves, bursts of neural activity
c. delta waves start to appear more, restorative stage, difficult to be awoken, breathing + pulse slows down
d. rapid eye movement and your muscles become almost paralyzed, brain waves look like your awake, dream sleep, gets longer throughout the night.
REM Paralysis
presence or persistence of features of REM sleep during transition into or out of sleep, your paralyzed
What is sleepwalking also called?
somnambulism
Psychoactive Drug
is a chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods
influencing how neurotransmitters operate at the synapses of the central nervous system
a. Agonist
b. Antagonist
a. Drug that binds to receptors and activate them
b. occupy receptor but do not activate them, block receptor activation by agonists
a. Depressants “Downers”
b. Stimulants
c. Hallucinogens
a. Slow the activity of the central nervous system. reduce tension, inhibitions and may interfere with a person’s judgment, motor activity, and concentration
b. Substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system resulting in increased blood pressure and heart rate, more alertness, and sped-up behavior and thinking
c. A substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception, including strengthening perceptions and producing illusions and hallucinations
Alcohol
what is it + what it does
depressant
Alcohol binds to the neurotransmitter GABA to relax the drinker, Alcohol depresses the areas of the brain that control judgment and inhibition
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
what is it + what it does
A drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep.
what is it + what it does
a. Barbiturates (Major Tranquilizers)
b. Benzodiazepines (Minor Tranquilizers)
their both depressants
a. Addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep, In low doses they reduce a person’s level of excitement, by attaching to GABA and by helping GABA operate at those neurons.
b. The most common group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax, Calm people by binding to receptors on the neurons that receive GABA and by increasing GABA activity at those neurons
Opioids
what is it + what it does
Opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine
depress the central nervous system, particularly the centers that help control emotion
what is caffeine?
its a stimulant
a. Amphetamines
b. Methamphetamine
stimulant
a. Stimulate the CNS by increasing the release dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
b. Illegal substance (crystal meth), super stimulant, effects, which can include eight hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria increases, Increases activity dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Cocaine
stimulant, most powerful known
Stimulates the higher centers of the central nervous system, making users feel excited, energetic, talkative and even euphoric
a. LCD
b. Cannabis
hallucinogen
a. also known as acid, binding to some of the neurons that normally receive the neurotransmitter serotonin, changing the neurotransmitter activity at those sites
b. They cause a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects
William James
Founder of Functionalism
Maintained that psychology should aim to understand how consciousness helps organisms adapt to their environments
Neurogenesis
The process that creates new neurons
a. Conscious level
b. Non conscious level
a. All things within one’s awareness at the present moments
b. Body’s automatic biological processes like breathing and heartbeat which are controlled by the brain outside consciousness
Priming
When exposure to a stimulus beneath conscious awareness influences a response to other stimuli
a. Manifest Content
b. Latent Content
a. the actual events and imagery within a dream, according to freud, serves to make the unconscious thoughts and desires of the dreamer
b. the unconscious thoughts and desires underlying the manifest content of dreams
a. Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
b. Information processing theory
a. theory that dreams are the brains interpretations of neural activity during REM sleep
b. dreaming is a way for the brain to deal with stress
a. Hindbrain
b. MidBrain
c. Forebrain
a. lowest segment of the brain, primarily involved in the regulation of basic bodily functions and consisting of the cerebellum, medulla, pons, and reticular formation
b. the middle segment of the brain, involved with motor control, vision, hearing, arousal, sleep, temperature regulation, and the transmission of sensory information
c. the highest segment of the brain consisting of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebrum
