Developmental Psych Test

Question 1

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 1

proponent of sociocultural theory who introduced the concepts of zone of proximal development

Question 2

Jean Piaget

Answer 2

Developed well known stage theory of cognitive development, involving a progression of four distinct stages

Question 3

Erik Erikson

Answer 3

a psychoanalyst known for identifying psychosocial developmental stages

Question 4

Carol Gilligan

Answer 4

Made feminist ethics stuff

Question 5

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 5

developed a theory of moral development involving three distinct stages of moral reasoning

Question 6

Diana Baumrind

Answer 6

Known for her research on four types of parenting styles

Question 7

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 7

developed the Strange Situation attachment theory

Question 8

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 8

conducted naturalistc observations of geese and other animals and discovered a simple form of attachment known as imprinting

Question 9

Cross-Sequential study

Answer 9

individuals in a cross-sectional sample are tested more than once over a specified period of time

Question 10

Erik Eriksons Psychosocial Stages are:

Answer 10

Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (independence)
Initiative vs. Guilt (Am I good or Bad)
Industry vs Inferiority (sense of pride/accomplishment)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity (contributing to the next generation) vs. Stagnation (little connection to others)
Ego Integrity (satisfaction) vs. Despair

Question 11

a. Gestation
b. Germinal Stage
c. Maturation

Answer 11

a. the process of development from concept to birth
b. the first stage of gestation, which lasts about two weeks, in which the zygote migrates from the fallopian tube to implant itself in the uterine wall
c. genetic growth tendencies are inborn determined by genetic makeup

Question 12

a. Rooting Reflex
b. Moro Reflex
c. Babinski Reflex

Answer 12

a. the tendency for an infant to move its mouth toward any object that touches its cheek
b. the outstretching of the arms and legs in response to a loud noise or a sudden change in the environment
c. the projection of the big toe and the fanning of the other toes when the sole of the foot is touched, found only in infants

Question 13

a. Secure attachement
b. Avoidant (insecure) attachment
c. Anxious-Ambivalent attachment
d. Disorganized attachment

Answer 13

a. infants explore, display high stranger anxiety, easy to calm/enthusiastic on return of caregiver
b. infants explore, low stranger anxiety, unconcerned by separation and avoid contact at return of caregiver
c. unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by separation and seek and reject contact on return of caregiver
d. attachment style for an infant who shows no consistent pattern of response when its caregiver is present or absent

Question 14

a. Authoritarian Parenting
b. Authoritative Parenting

Answer 14

a. restrictive parenting style. This style allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on a child (dictatorship)
b. style that is child-centered, the parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as a firm adherence to schedules and discipline

Question 15

Jean Piagets Cognitive Stages
a. Sensorimotor Stage
b. Pre-operational Stage
c. Concrete Operational Stage
d. Formal Operational Stage

Answer 15

a. birth-2, infant uses senses and motor abilities to learn about the world
b. The stage (2-6/7) during which the child learns to use language
c. (6/7-11) gain mental operations that let them think logically about concrete events
d. (12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Question 16

a. Egocentrism
b. Theory of the Mind
c. Conservation

Answer 16

a. inability on the part of a child in the pre-operational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own
b. the understanding that human behavior is guided by mental representations of the world appears differently to different people
c. the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Question 17

a. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
b. Scaffolding

Answer 17

a. range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working along with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more skilled children
b. process in which a more skilled learner, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

Question 18

a. synaptic pruning
b. adolescent egocentrism

Answer 18

a. selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections to improve brain efficiency (during puberty)
b. heightened self-consciousness, belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability

Question 19

Lawrence Kohlberg’s development of moral reasoning
a. pre-conventional stage
b. conventional stage
c. post-conventional stage

Answer 19

a. first stage, in which the morality of an action is determined by the consequences for the action
b. the second stage, the morality of an action is determined by the extent to which is conforms with rules and norms
c. the third stage, morality of an action is determined by general principles and core values

Question 20

Ethics of Care

Answer 20

Carol Gilligan’s feminist approach to moral development that emphasizes values like empathy and benevolence over abstract duties and obligations