Developmental Psych Test Flashcards
Lev Vygotsky
proponent of sociocultural theory who introduced the concepts of zone of proximal development
Jean Piaget
Developed well known stage theory of cognitive development, involving a progression of four distinct stages
Erik Erikson
a psychoanalyst known for identifying psychosocial developmental stages
Carol Gilligan
Made feminist ethics stuff
Lawrence Kohlberg
developed a theory of moral development involving three distinct stages of moral reasoning
Diana Baumrind
Known for her research on four types of parenting styles
Mary Ainsworth
developed the Strange Situation attachment theory
Konrad Lorenz
conducted naturalistc observations of geese and other animals and discovered a simple form of attachment known as imprinting
Cross-Sequential study
individuals in a cross-sectional sample are tested more than once over a specified period of time
Erik Eriksons Psychosocial Stages are:
Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (independence)
Initiative vs. Guilt (Am I good or Bad)
Industry vs Inferiority (sense of pride/accomplishment)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity (contributing to the next generation) vs. Stagnation (little connection to others)
Ego Integrity (satisfaction) vs. Despair
a. Gestation
b. Germinal Stage
c. Maturation
a. the process of development from concept to birth
b. the first stage of gestation, which lasts about two weeks, in which the zygote migrates from the fallopian tube to implant itself in the uterine wall
c. genetic growth tendencies are inborn determined by genetic makeup
a. Rooting Reflex
b. Moro Reflex
c. Babinski Reflex
a. the tendency for an infant to move its mouth toward any object that touches its cheek
b. the outstretching of the arms and legs in response to a loud noise or a sudden change in the environment
c. the projection of the big toe and the fanning of the other toes when the sole of the foot is touched, found only in infants
a. Secure attachement
b. Avoidant (insecure) attachment
c. Anxious-Ambivalent attachment
d. Disorganized attachment
a. infants explore, display high stranger anxiety, easy to calm/enthusiastic on return of caregiver
b. infants explore, low stranger anxiety, unconcerned by separation and avoid contact at return of caregiver
c. unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by separation and seek and reject contact on return of caregiver
d. attachment style for an infant who shows no consistent pattern of response when its caregiver is present or absent
a. Authoritarian Parenting
b. Authoritative Parenting
a. restrictive parenting style. This style allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on a child (dictatorship)
b. style that is child-centered, the parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as a firm adherence to schedules and discipline
Jean Piagets Cognitive Stages
a. Sensorimotor Stage
b. Pre-operational Stage
c. Concrete Operational Stage
d. Formal Operational Stage
a. birth-2, infant uses senses and motor abilities to learn about the world
b. The stage (2-6/7) during which the child learns to use language
c. (6/7-11) gain mental operations that let them think logically about concrete events
d. (12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
a. Egocentrism
b. Theory of the Mind
c. Conservation
a. inability on the part of a child in the pre-operational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own
b. the understanding that human behavior is guided by mental representations of the world appears differently to different people
c. the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
a. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
b. Scaffolding
a. range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working along with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more skilled children
b. process in which a more skilled learner, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable
a. synaptic pruning
b. adolescent egocentrism
a. selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections to improve brain efficiency (during puberty)
b. heightened self-consciousness, belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability
Lawrence Kohlberg’s development of moral reasoning
a. pre-conventional stage
b. conventional stage
c. post-conventional stage
a. first stage, in which the morality of an action is determined by the consequences for the action
b. the second stage, the morality of an action is determined by the extent to which is conforms with rules and norms
c. the third stage, morality of an action is determined by general principles and core values
Ethics of Care
Carol Gilligan’s feminist approach to moral development that emphasizes values like empathy and benevolence over abstract duties and obligations
