Unit 4 Quiz Flashcards
1
Q
Humanism
A
- Cultural and intellectual movement to revive classical learning that focused on human achievements rather than the divine
- Latin and Greek literary and historical texts
- Expressed in scholarship, art, music, architecture, etc.
- Supported by wealthy patrons and Renaissance popes
2
Q
Scholarship
A
- Most humanist scholars were Christian
- Erasmus of Rotterdam
- -> New Latin and Greek translations of New Testament
- -> Encouraged Church to return to Gospel values
- Invention of the printing press= 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg
- Mechanically reproduced books
- Available to more people
- Want to revive classical writing
3
Q
Art
A
- Master artists celebrated beauty of God’s creation, esp. in humanity
- Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Raphael, Donatello
- Ex: Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo’s Pieta, Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper
4
Q
Music
A
-Palestrina= Well-known composer who greatly contributed to liturgical music
5
Q
Architecture
A
- Many grand Renaissance art found in churches
- Ex: St. Peter’s Basilica, Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (Duomo)
6
Q
Indulgences
A
- The means by which the Church takes away the punishment that a person would face in Purgatory
- Originally a way of doing good as penance (Make up for sins)
- Example: Going on a pilgrimage
7
Q
Indulgences Before and After
A
Before
- A way to support Christian living
- Earned through good works and prayer
After
- Became “magic antidote for sin” (all sins just disappear)
- Now bought and sold
8
Q
Martin Luther
A
- German priest, monk, and scholar
- October 31st, 1517 posted Ninety Five Theses to church in Wittenberg
- Concerned about selling of indulgences and Sacraments
- List of problems and reforms he wanted in the Church
- Hoped to spark conversation with theologians
- Addressed to Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz
9
Q
95 Theses
A
- Sola Scriptura: Scripture alone transmits Revelation
- Sola Fide: Humanity is justified through faith alone
- Sola Gratia: Only grace; Salvation only through God’s grace
10
Q
Lutheranism
A
- Sola Scriptura
- Sola Fide
- Sola Gratia
- Priesthood of all believers
- 2 Sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist
11
Q
Catholicism
A
- Scripture and Tradition
- Faith and Good works
- Salvation as cooperation
- Ministerial priesthood
- 7 Sacraments
12
Q
Luther’s Followers
A
-Threat to the Church and Civil stability
13
Q
Pope Leo’s X response to Luther
A
- Slow at first
- Dec. 1520- Sent Papal Bull ordering him to recant
- Excommunicated in Jan 1521
- Banished from Germany by HRE Charles V
14
Q
Luther’s response to Pope Leo X
A
- Luther fled to a friend’s Duke Frederick of Saxony and gained followers
- Completed German translation of the Bible–> vernacular–> why is that bad? (Luther could pick bible verses)
- 1525 came out of exile
- 1530: Official start of Lutheranism
- Entrusted princes with organization of churches and worship–> disunified?
15
Q
Consequences of the 95 Theses
A
- Did not intend to break from the Church of Rome
- Others see it as an open door for change
- Church sees as potentially dangerous but doesn’t recognize extent of damage until it’s too late
- Instead it began upheaval and the Protestant Reformation
16
Q
Confessions
A
-Branch or sect of protestantism
17
Q
Calvinism
A
- Branched off of Lutheranism
- Moves To Geneva Switzerland
- formed model theocracy bcuz political & moral problems
- caused problems turned people against each other
- Predestination: God decided if you will go to Heaven or Hell (came from sola fide but is against it)
18
Q
Anglicanism
A
- King Henry VIII created so he could divorce his wife because he wasn’t getting a son
- couldn’t get a divorce (Pope wouldn’t do it) formed off of Catholicism
19
Q
Council of Trent
A
- Clergy and Laity both called to seek effective response to Luther & reformers
- Called by Pope Paul III December 1545
- Trent: Southern Alps of Italy
- Years of interruption broke up council (on and off)
- Reconvened by Pope Pius IV January 1562
20
Q
What Council of Trent did
A
- Clarified and defined church doctrine that hadn’t been discussed
- Outlined reforms for pastoral care
21
Q
Goals of the Council of Trent
A
- Guide the laity
- Reform Church hierarchy
- Counter Protestantism
22
Q
On the Creed
A
- Said that there was a need for a creed; affirmed the Nicene Creed
- It listed the beliefs so the people would know exactly what the faith was about
- Left no room for wrong interpretation of doctrine
23
Q
On Seminaries
A
- Priests need to be well-educated to do their job, so seminaries are need to train the clergy
- Responds to the Protestants thinking everyone was a priest. The emphasis on a well educated priest shows that not everyone can be a priest
- There are seminaries in Catholic schools and colleges in America today
24
Q
On the Priesthood
A
- Holy Orders is necessary to become a priest (affects the soul)
- Requirements: Priest upheld celibacy
- Response to Lutheran belief that everyone is a priest
25
Q
On Marriage
A
- To be married in the eyes of the Church, a priest must marry you, and you have two witnesses
- It was needed because people were going about marriage the wrong way; needed to set the standard
26
Q
On Justification
A
- Freed and sanctified because of grace which we got at baptism
- Needed as a reaction to Sola Gratia and Sola Fide, from the Lutheran reform
- Needed to do good things, faith makes it possible
27
Q
On Scripture
A
- Confirmed deuterocanonical books part of canon plus the vulgate was affirmed as the authoritative text of scripture
- Response to Luther declaring them part of the Apocrypha, writings about Jesus/ Christian message not accepted as part of canon
- Ex of books not in protestant: Tobit, Maccabee 1, Maccabee 2
28
Q
On the Mass
A
- Council affirmed that mass is truly a sacrifice, because it makes present the sacrifice of the cross
- Mass represents Christ’s sacrifice in response to people questioning need for mass
29
Q
On the Eucharist
A
- Affirmed the doctrine of Transubstantiation & the true presence of Christ in the Eucharist
- Not just bread, not just a symbol
30
Q
On Original Sin
A
- Doctrine of Original Sin was affirmed
- Baptism removes original sin, but we still are inclined to sin
- Combats the Albigensian’s saying that we are made evil
31
Q
On the Sacraments
A
- All 7 sacraments are necessary
- Used to combat Luther’s belief in only 2 of the sacraments (Baptism & Eucharist)
- Ex: People participate in most of the sacraments throughout their lifetime if Catholic
32
Q
Renaissance
A
- Renaissance= Rebirth
- Period of cultural awakening in which ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome were rediscovered
- Began in the late 14th century in Tuscany
