Unit 4 Quiz

Question 1

Humanism

Answer 1

• Cultural and intellectual movement to revive classical learning that focused on human achievements rather than the divine
• Latin and Greek literary and historical texts
• Expressed in scholarship, art, music, architecture, etc.
• Supported by wealthy patrons and Renaissance popes

Question 2

Scholarship

Answer 2

• Most humanist scholars were Christian
• Erasmus of Rotterdam
• -> New Latin and Greek translations of New Testament
• -> Encouraged Church to return to Gospel values
• Invention of the printing press= 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg
• Mechanically reproduced books
• Available to more people
• Want to revive classical writing

Question 3

Art

Answer 3

• Master artists celebrated beauty of God’s creation, esp. in humanity
• Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Raphael, Donatello
• Ex: Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo’s Pieta, Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper

Question 4

Music

Answer 4

-Palestrina= Well-known composer who greatly contributed to liturgical music

Question 5

Architecture

Answer 5

• Many grand Renaissance art found in churches

- Ex: St. Peter’s Basilica, Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (Duomo)

Question 6

Indulgences

Answer 6

• The means by which the Church takes away the punishment that a person would face in Purgatory
• Originally a way of doing good as penance (Make up for sins)
• Example: Going on a pilgrimage

Question 7

Indulgences Before and After

Answer 7

Before

• A way to support Christian living
• Earned through good works and prayer

After

• Became “magic antidote for sin” (all sins just disappear)
• Now bought and sold

Question 8

Martin Luther

Answer 8

• German priest, monk, and scholar
• October 31st, 1517 posted Ninety Five Theses to church in Wittenberg
• Concerned about selling of indulgences and Sacraments
• List of problems and reforms he wanted in the Church
• Hoped to spark conversation with theologians
• Addressed to Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz

Question 9

95 Theses

Answer 9

• Sola Scriptura: Scripture alone transmits Revelation
• Sola Fide: Humanity is justified through faith alone
• Sola Gratia: Only grace; Salvation only through God’s grace

Question 10

Lutheranism

Answer 10

• Sola Scriptura
• Sola Fide
• Sola Gratia
• Priesthood of all believers
• 2 Sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist

Question 11

Catholicism

Answer 11

• Scripture and Tradition
• Faith and Good works
• Salvation as cooperation
• Ministerial priesthood
• 7 Sacraments

Question 12

Luther’s Followers

Answer 12

-Threat to the Church and Civil stability

Question 13

Pope Leo’s X response to Luther

Answer 13

• Slow at first
• Dec. 1520- Sent Papal Bull ordering him to recant
• Excommunicated in Jan 1521
• Banished from Germany by HRE Charles V

Question 14

Luther’s response to Pope Leo X

Answer 14

• Luther fled to a friend’s Duke Frederick of Saxony and gained followers
• Completed German translation of the Bible–> vernacular–> why is that bad? (Luther could pick bible verses)
• 1525 came out of exile
• 1530: Official start of Lutheranism
• Entrusted princes with organization of churches and worship–> disunified?

Question 15

Consequences of the 95 Theses

Answer 15

• Did not intend to break from the Church of Rome
• Others see it as an open door for change
• Church sees as potentially dangerous but doesn’t recognize extent of damage until it’s too late
• Instead it began upheaval and the Protestant Reformation

Question 16

Confessions

Answer 16

-Branch or sect of protestantism

Question 17

Calvinism

Answer 17

• Branched off of Lutheranism
• Moves To Geneva Switzerland
  
  • formed model theocracy bcuz political & moral problems
  • caused problems turned people against each other
• Predestination: God decided if you will go to Heaven or Hell (came from sola fide but is against it)

Question 18

Anglicanism

Answer 18

• King Henry VIII created so he could divorce his wife because he wasn’t getting a son
• couldn’t get a divorce (Pope wouldn’t do it) formed off of Catholicism

Question 19

Council of Trent

Answer 19

• Clergy and Laity both called to seek effective response to Luther & reformers
• Called by Pope Paul III December 1545
• Trent: Southern Alps of Italy
• Years of interruption broke up council (on and off)
• Reconvened by Pope Pius IV January 1562

Question 20

What Council of Trent did

Answer 20

• Clarified and defined church doctrine that hadn’t been discussed
• Outlined reforms for pastoral care

Question 21

Goals of the Council of Trent

Answer 21

• Guide the laity
• Reform Church hierarchy
• Counter Protestantism

Question 22

On the Creed

Answer 22

• Said that there was a need for a creed; affirmed the Nicene Creed
• It listed the beliefs so the people would know exactly what the faith was about
• Left no room for wrong interpretation of doctrine

Question 23

On Seminaries

Answer 23

• Priests need to be well-educated to do their job, so seminaries are need to train the clergy
• Responds to the Protestants thinking everyone was a priest. The emphasis on a well educated priest shows that not everyone can be a priest
• There are seminaries in Catholic schools and colleges in America today

Question 24

On the Priesthood

Answer 24

• Holy Orders is necessary to become a priest (affects the soul)
• Requirements: Priest upheld celibacy
• Response to Lutheran belief that everyone is a priest

Question 25

On Marriage

Answer 25

• To be married in the eyes of the Church, a priest must marry you, and you have two witnesses
• It was needed because people were going about marriage the wrong way; needed to set the standard

Question 26

On Justification

Answer 26

• Freed and sanctified because of grace which we got at baptism
• Needed as a reaction to Sola Gratia and Sola Fide, from the Lutheran reform
• Needed to do good things, faith makes it possible

Question 27

On Scripture

Answer 27

• Confirmed deuterocanonical books part of canon plus the vulgate was affirmed as the authoritative text of scripture
• Response to Luther declaring them part of the Apocrypha, writings about Jesus/ Christian message not accepted as part of canon
• Ex of books not in protestant: Tobit, Maccabee 1, Maccabee 2

Question 28

On the Mass

Answer 28

• Council affirmed that mass is truly a sacrifice, because it makes present the sacrifice of the cross
• Mass represents Christ’s sacrifice in response to people questioning need for mass

Question 29

On the Eucharist

Answer 29

• Affirmed the doctrine of Transubstantiation & the true presence of Christ in the Eucharist
• Not just bread, not just a symbol

Question 30

On Original Sin

Answer 30

• Doctrine of Original Sin was affirmed
• Baptism removes original sin, but we still are inclined to sin
• Combats the Albigensian’s saying that we are made evil

Question 31

On the Sacraments

Answer 31

• All 7 sacraments are necessary
• Used to combat Luther’s belief in only 2 of the sacraments (Baptism & Eucharist)
• Ex: People participate in most of the sacraments throughout their lifetime if Catholic

Question 32

Renaissance

Answer 32

• Renaissance= Rebirth
• Period of cultural awakening in which ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome were rediscovered
• Began in the late 14th century in Tuscany