Unit 3 Quiz (CH) Flashcards
0
Q
Mohammad
A
- Mohammad had a prophetic call when angel Gabriel visited him brought him revelations from god (Allah)
- Koran (Qu’ran) = Book of these revelations
- Islam= means”Submission”
1
Q
Five Pillars of Faith
A
- Testimony of Faith: No god but Allah, Muhammad is messenger of Allah
- Giving Zakat: Set aside things for those in need
- Prayer: 5 times a day and certain times
- Fasting: During Ramadan, do not eat pork
- Pilgrimage (Hajj): Travel to Mecca once during lifetime
2
Q
Similarities between Christianity and Islam
A
- Monotheistic: Belief in one God
- Same patriarchs- Abraham, Isaac, Jacob
- Revelation
- Scripture
- The resurrection of the dead
- The centrality of the religious community
- Church: Christian & umma: Islam
- Hold Mary in high regard (mentioned more in the Qu’ran than in the Bible)
3
Q
History of Islam
A
- Mohammad returned to Mecca where he preached and brought many to the faith
- Persecution by Meccan authorities–> flight to Medina where they established religious and political authority, raised an army to raid Meccan caravans
4
Q
Death of Mohammad
A
- 632: Death of Mohammad, who had unified the entire Arabian Peninsula religiously and military
- Army grew and spread Islamic faith east and west
- Some Christian cities fell to Muslim control
- Conquered Spain around 711
5
Q
Battle of Tours
A
- Byzantine Emperor Leo Isaurian stopped Eastern expansion
- Charles Martel (King of the Franks) defeated Muslim invaders and halted further growth in Europe
- Christian identity preserved in parts of Europe
6
Q
Why did Islam successfully spread?
A
- Did not force conquered civilizations to convert
- Gave Christians and Jews special protections as “People of the Book” (All followed the Old Testament)
- Heavy taxes to non-muslims and exclusion from government jobs and other privileges- incentives to convert
- Offered order and stability in non-Christian areas of warfare
7
Q
Consequences to Church in 8th and 9th Century
A
- Mediterranean region was under Muslim control
- Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria (3 ancient patriarchs) had fallen and lost their influence
- Center of secular power shifted from Rome to the Franks
- Constantinople never regained its glory
- Constant threat of a new power to overtake the people
8
Q
Feudalism
A
-Society was ordered around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service and protections
9
Q
Problems w/ Church after Spread of Islam
A
- Islam is posing a threat to the Church
- Lombards= Germanic tribe expanding into Northern Italy
- Byzantine emperor n Constantinople was less effective protecting Rome
- ** (good)Church seeks help from the Franks (Germanic tribe in Gaul, modern-day France)
- Charles Martel sees no advantage in alliance w/ Pope
- **(good)Successor Pepin agrees to ally w/ papacy
10
Q
Donation of Pepin
A
- King Pepin’s designation of the central part of Italy to be governed by the Pope–> Papal States
- Pepin believed an alliance would legitimize his rule
- Pope Boniface crowned Pepin ruler
- Pepin made the pope a secular ruler–> became the head of a state like other European rulers
11
Q
St. Boniface
A
- Bishop and missionary
- Called the Apostle to Germany- thought to have converted the Germans
- Chopped down a sacred tree dedicated to Thor- was not struck dead after this happened, so the people believed in God
- Crowned Pepin the Short, King of the Franks in 751
- Church’s current struggle–> to promote Christian worldview
- Jesus Christ is not just one god among many but the second Person of the Blessed Trinity, the one true God.
12
Q
Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
A
- 786: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor after Pepin’s death
- the Frankish kings, not the emperors in Constantinople, are power in Europe
- 800: Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor
- Signaling the unity of Christianity and politics, the oneness of the Church and society in Christendom
13
Q
Entanglements of Church and State
A
- Committed to protecting the Church and making sure Church law and practices were enforced throughout his empire
- Charlemagne= “Protector of the Papacy”
- High emphasis on learning
- Appointed educated men to gov. positions (Monks, bishops, priests)
- Started schools
- Ambitious ruler and strong military leader
- Oversee the appointment of Church leaders, just as emperor in the Eastern Church would do
- Pope Leo III increasingly dependent and indebted to him
14
Q
Christendom
A
- Unified blending of one religion and secular power
- Cathedral is center of activity of a town
- Christianity and all aspects of life intertwined
- Christian worldview marked seasons and cycles of people’s lives
15
Q
Lay Investiture
A
- The appointing of bishops by Feudal lords
- causes problems because they can be unqualified, are not knowledgable about the Church
- if this was still going on today, the Church would be corrupt
16
Q
Simony
A
- The act of selling or buying Church offices or roles
- Problem because people may not be qualified
- problems arose because people thought they could buy their way into heaven
17
Q
Celibacy
A
- state of abstaining from marriage and sexual relations voluntary, usually for religious regions
- different from being chaste (person can be married and chaste, and you can be both chaste and celibate)
- Problem since men would pass on their stuff, which is part of their church.
18
Q
Two Types of Reform
A
- Reforms used Gospel message to constantly call Christians back to fidelity to message of Jesus
1. Reform of monasticism
2. Reform of Pope Gregory VII
19
Q
Reform of Monasticism
A
- Abbots and Bishops answering to local secular power made committing to the Gospel and Church’s mission difficult
- 909: Duke William of Aquitaine and monk Berno instituted reforms to monastic life
- Gave land in Cluny, France to Berno to establish monastery —> placed authority under the Pope with monks selecting their own abbott
20
Q
Cluniac Reforms
A
- Brought about a renewal of Benedictine ( rule of Saint Benedict) spirit
- Poverty, Chastity, Obedience, Ora et Labora (Pray and work)
- Contributed to Medieval art
- Change in moral life of clergy
- Caring for the poor
- New ways to pray–> Liturgy of the Hours (Praying at certain times during the day, 5 times a day)
21
Q
Gregorian Reforms
A
- Pope Gregory VII initiated many reforms to help Church authority run smoothly
- Revitalize and revolutionize Church organization
- Movement to remove state interference with Church affairs–> paved the way for separation of Church and State
- Fiercely attacked simony and lay investiture–> stressed mora integrity and independence of the clergy
- Stressed importance of celibacy–> return to original purity
- Papal primacy: Pope as Bishop of Rome is head following Peter–> received commission of Christ to lead the Church
22
Q
Reforming the Papacy
A
- 1057: Pope Nicholas II restricted papal electorate to cardinals (bishops appointed by Pope) instead of all bishops
- Pope Gregory VII developed the conclave= private assembly of cardinals in order to elect a Pope
23
Q
Tensions between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV
A
- Pope Gregory VII: Church wanted to be independent
- Henry IV: Did not like the Popes ruling, tries to get rid of him
- Greg: excommunicated Henry, told people not to listen to him
- Henry: asks for forgiveness because nervous
- Henry: Performs penance but does not act upon his penance
- Greg: Excommunicates Henry again
- Henry: Takes Rome and got rid of Gregory as Pope
- Greg: Dies in exile
24
Q
Concordat of Worms
A
1122:
- Controversy over lay investiture is resolved in Worms, Germany
- Emperor agreed that rulers no longer have authority to appoint bishops
- all bishops elected and consecrated by Church authority
25
Q
Christology East vs. West
A
- West:
- Holy Trinity= Three persons in one God
- Hypostatic union: Jesus is fully human and fully divine
- Mary is “theotokos” (God bearer)
- East:
- Arianism: Christ is created being who was superior to humans bu inferior to God
- Nestorianism: Mary gave birth to human Jesus but not divine
- Splits Jesus into 2 persons
26
Q
Filioque (And from the Son) East vs. West
A
- West:
- Holy Spirit descended from the father and from the Son
- Added to the Nicene Creed in the 6th Century
- East:
- Holy Spirit descended fromt he Father and through the Son
- Son is viewed as chanel/ messenger
27
Q
Who’s the head of the Church East vs. West
A
- West:
- Bishop of Rome (Pope) first because of Apostolic Succession
- Authority to call ecumenical councils= group of bishops deciding together
- East
- Patriarchs should be given more power and authority in the Church
