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Biology > Unit 4 Part 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Part 4 Flashcards

D3.1 - Reproduction

1
Q

Sexual reproduction?

A

Requires a male and female
- Each parent contributes some genes to offspring

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2
Q

A sexual reproduction?

A

Requires only 1 parent
- Results in multiple identical organisms

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3
Q

Sexual reproduction features?

A
  • Gametes fertilized
  • Two parents
  • Offspring genetically unique compared to parents
  • New gene combination + promotes genetic variation
  • Allows adaptations for changing environment
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4
Q

Asexual reproduction features?

A
  • Organism makes a copy of itself
  • Only one parent
  • Offspring genetically identical to parent
  • No new gene combination and little genetic variation
  • Little change in adaptations
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5
Q

Asexual mechanisms?

A
  • Binary fission
  • Mitosis
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Vegetative reproduction
  • Parthenogenesis
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6
Q

Binary fission?

A

When bacteria replicate their DNA and divide into 2 cells
- Can occur more than once an hour for certain bacteria under certain conditions

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7
Q

Mitosis?

A

When unicellular eukaryotic organisms replicate their DNA and mamy organelles
- Leads to growth in budding, Fragmentation, vegetative reproduction, and Parthenogenesis

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8
Q

Budding?

A

When new genetically identically organisms grow directly from an existing organism

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9
Q

Fragmentation?

A

When the body of an existing organism breaks up into several fragments
- Each growing into a complete organism

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10
Q

Vegetative reproduction?

A

Common in many plants
- W/ new plants emerging from roots, bulbs, tubers, and shoots

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11
Q

Parthenogenesis?

A

Growth and development of an egg cell w/out the involvement of a male gamete
- In an animal species

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12
Q

Pros of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Almost always faster
  • Requires less expenditure of energy
  • A single organism can colonize a new area easily
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13
Q

How does meiosis produce haploid cells?

A

Reduction division
- B/c the number of chromosomes in each gamete is reduced to one half if original number

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14
Q

What happens before meiosis

A

DNA replication takes place
- Producing a pair of chromatids from each chromosome

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15
Q

How is genetic variation provided?

A

Crossing over
- Leads to a recombination of alleles during metaphase 1

Independent assortment of chromosomes
- Random orientation and division of chromosomes during m1

Random fertilization
- As there are millions of sperm and egg possibilities

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16
Q

What does meiosis do for chromosomes?

A

Breaks up parental combination of alleles and provides new Chromosome combination

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17
Q

What are the sperm cells designed for?

A

To travel to the egg
- Very small in size
- Multiple mitochondria
- Flagellum for swimming
- Do not contribute anything towards food reserves of early embryo

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18
Q

What are egg cells designed for?

A

Provides initial source of nutrition for development of embryo followed by placenta and uterus
- Mitochondria
- Very big in volume

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19
Q

Semen?

A

The fluid that contains the sperm in an ejeculation

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20
Q

Anatomical structures of female reproductive system?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes (oviducts)
  • Uterus
  • Endometrium
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
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21
Q

Function of ovaries?

A

Female gonads, produce + secrete oestradiol, produce and release eggs as secondary oocytes
- The area where ovulation occurs and grows into corpus luteum

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22
Q

Fallopian tubes/ oviducts function?

A

Ducts that carry eggs or early embryo to the uterus

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23
Q

Uterus function?

A

Muscular structure where early embryo plants and develops

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24
Q

Endometrium function?

A

Highly vascular inner lining of uterus

25
Q

Cervix function?

A

Lower portion of uterus
- Has an opening to the vagina allowing childbirth and sperm ti enter

26
Q

Vagina function?

A

Muscular tube that leads from external genitals to cervix

27
Q

Ovulation?

A

Release of an egg

28
Q

What is the purpose of a menstrual cycle?

A

To time ovulation for possible fertilization and later implantation into inner lining of uterus

29
Q

When must implantation occur?

A

When the endometrium is highly vascular

30
Q

The regulatory centre for the menstrual cycle?

A

The hypothalamus

31
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Produces the hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH

32
Q

Target tissue of gonadotropin releasing hormone?

A

Pituitary gland

33
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland release into the blood stream after being targeted by gonadotropin releasing hormone?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH
- Target tissue of these two is the ovaries

34
Q

Main function of Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

A

Increase production and secretion of oestradiol
- It’s Target tissue is endometrium and increases density of blood vessels in endometrium

35
Q

What happens with a positive feedback loop due to oestradiol?

A

Oestradiol stimulates pituitary gland to release for follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

36
Q

What does the increase of Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone result in?

A

The production of structures called Graafian follicles

37
Q

What is the Graffian follicle?

A

Under chemical stimulation of FSH and LH the somewhat arranged follicle cells (cells w/in the ovaries) and oocytes (Reproductive cells in a stage of development w/in ovaries) take on a particular cellular arrangement called Graffian follicle

38
Q

What leads to ovulation?

A

A spike in level of FSH and LH caused by positive feedback loop

39
Q

Progesterone?

A

A hormone that maintains the thickened, highly vascular endometrium

40
Q

How is progesterone produced?

A

When follicle cells’s outer ring remains in the ovary they begin to produce and secrete it

41
Q

Corpus luteum?

A

A structure that is only hormonally active ( producing progesterone) for 10-12 days after ovulation of no fertilization

42
Q

How is corpus luteum produced?

A

When cells of outer ring begin to divide in order to fill the wound area left by ovulation

43
Q

Anatomical structure of male reproductive system?

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Secrotum
  • Vas deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Penis
  • Urethra
44
Q

Testes function?

A

Male gonads where sperm are produced in small tubes called seminiferous tubules

45
Q

Epididymis function?

A

Area where sperm are received, become mature, and become capable of swimming motion

46
Q

Scrotum function?

A

A sac that holds testes outside body cavity so sperm production and maturation can happen at a temp cool than body temp

47
Q

Vas deferens function?

A

Muscular tube that carried mature sperm from Epididymis to urethra during an ejaculation

48
Q

Seminal vesicles function?

A

Small glands that produce and add seminal fluid to semen

49
Q

Prostate gland function?

A

Gland that produces much of semen, including carbohydrates for sperm

50
Q

Penis function?

A

Organ that becomes erect as a result of blood engorgement to facilitate ejaculation

51
Q

Urethra function?

A

The tube that semen leaves the penis after all glands have added fluids

52
Q

The ovarian cycle?

A

Controls production and release of eggs and the cyclic release of oestradiol and progestrone

53
Q

Uterine cycle?

A

Controls preparation and maintenance of endometrium to receive a fertilized egg

54
Q

Reasons for infertility?

A
  • Low sperm counts in males
  • Failure to achieve/ maintain an erection in males (impotence)
  • Inability to ovulate regularly in females
  • Blocked Fallopian tubes in females
55
Q

How does puberty commence?

A

Hypothalamus increases production of gonadotropin releasing hormone early teens
- Pituitary gland is targeted and in response gonadotropins’s secretion is enhanced

56
Q

What do the gonadotropins do?

A

Stimulate steroid production by gonads
- Steroids like Testastrone, oestradiol, and progesterone

57
Q

Puberty changes in females?

A
  • Increase in height and body mass
  • Growth of underarm and pubic hair
  • Development of breasts
  • Menstral cycle starts
  • Acne may begin
  • Bone structure of hips widen in preparation for child birth
58
Q

Puberty changes in males?

A
  • Increase in height and body mass
  • Growth of underarm, pubic, facial, and chest hair
  • Acne could begin
    -Voice becomes deeper
  • Enlargement of testes and penis
  • Erections begin
59
Q
A

Biology (22 decks)

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