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Biology > Unit 2 part 5 > Flashcards

Unit 2 part 5 Flashcards

Cell Speacialization

1
Q

Fertilization?

A

Fusion of gametes
- Leads to development of zygotes

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2
Q

Zygote?

A

Totipotent stem cell

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3
Q

Totipotent stem cell?

A

Can develop into all other cell types or into an embryo
- Can produce complete organisms

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4
Q

Blastocyst?

A

Contains embryonic stem cells
- Zygote develops into blastocyst

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5
Q

Embryonic stem cell?

A

Are pluripotent

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6
Q

Pluripotent?

A

Can differentiate into almost all other cell types in organisms but cant complete it
- Can’t produce complete organisms

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7
Q

Cell differentiation?

A

All cells from a multi cellular organism have some genome
- Stem cells differentiate into specialized cells by expressing some genes and not others

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8
Q

Adult stem cells?

A

Blastocyst develops into a foetus as embryonic stem cells differentiate into specialized cells
- Some adult stem cells remain to replenish dying cells and repair damaged tissue
- Most adult stem cells are multipotent

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9
Q

Hemotopoietic stem cells

A

Multipotent b/c they can differentiate into all types of blood cells but not all cells

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10
Q

Development of embryonic cells

A

They differentiate into specialized cells and tissues in a controlled manner through a group of gene regulating chemicals

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11
Q

Multi potent?

A

Able to form a range of closely related cells (limited)

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12
Q

Morphogens?

A

Gene regulating chemicals (transcription factors) that determine the specialized cell that develops according to their concentration

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13
Q

Traits of morphogens?

A
  • produced + released from embryo cells and diffuse through tissues
  • They spread, resulting in a concentration gradient across tissue
  • Bird to receptors on cells resulting in activation or repression of genes
  • Concentration of it determines which gene will be expressed, determining type of specialized cell
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14
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that have a limited capacity to divide and can differentiate into specialized cells
- Are self renewal, differentiate, regulate hair growth, and main skin homeostasis

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15
Q

Stem cells niche

A

Locations in the body where stem cells can be maintained, promoted to proliferate ( rapid self removal), or differentiate
- Adult stem cells are in them

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16
Q

Example of stem cells niche

A

Bone marrow
- Niche for hemotopoietic stem cells that can differentiate into all types of blood cells
hair follicles
- Contains various pools of stem cells like epithelial, melanocyte, and mesenchymal

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17
Q

Sperm size

A

Smallest cells in body
- 50 MicroM
- Diameter of 3 MicroM

18
Q

OVA (egg cells) size

A

Cells w/ largest volume
- Diameter of about 120 MicroM

19
Q

Neurons size

A

350 MicroM in length

20
Q

Red blood cells size

A

Diameter of 7.5 MicroM
- Allows them to move through capillaries

21
Q

White blood cells size

A

12-15 MicroM depending on type of white blood cell

22
Q

Skeleton muscle cells size

A
  • 10-50 MicroM in width
  • 40milliM in length
23
Q

2 Factors that determine cell size?

A
  1. Basic process of cell psychology
    - Need for materials to move in and out of cells, usually involves surface-area-to-volume
  2. Cell division apparatus
    - If cells are too large/ small the mitotic spindic will not function properly
24
Q

Surface area

A

As cell grows, volume of cells increases at faster rate than surface area of cell and surface area to volume decreases as cell grows

25
Q

Implications of surface area to volume ratio

A

Surface area of cell is the plasma membrane
- Growing cells tend to divide when surface area of plasma membrane is not efficient enough to exchange materials for metabolism
- Volume is mainly cytoplasm
- As cell grows metabolism increases

26
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

Thin and flat w/ biconcave shape that increases their surface area for exchange of gas

27
Q

Microvilli?

A

increase the rate of absorption of nutrients and water as filtrate passes through the nephrons (basic functional unit of kidney) of the kidney

28
Q

Alveoli?

A

In the lungs where gas exchange happens

29
Q

Alveolar epithelial tissue?

A

Adapted for rapid exchange of gases and consists of 2 types of cells
- The cells facilitate the exchange of gases

30
Q

2 Types of cells in alveolar epithelial tissue

A
  1. Pneumocystis (95%)
    - Long and extremely flat cells adapted for gas exchange
  2. Pneumocystis (5%)
    - Cubed shaped cells that secrete a surfactant that reduces surface tension in the alveoli + provide liquid for rapid diffusion of gasses
31
Q

Muscle fibers?

A

Muscle tissue
- Muscles contrast and are involved in movement

32
Q

3 types of muscle cells?

A
  1. Cardiac muscle
  2. Striated muscle (skeletal)
  3. Smooth muscle
33
Q

Skeletal muscles?

A

Attached to skeleton and are involved in movement of bones
- Composed of long multi-nucleated fibres that are formed by fusion of cells

34
Q

Cardiac muscles?

A

Located in heart and is responsible for continued rhythms beating of heart
- Have single nuclear per cell
- Contain myofibrils
- Branched nature and intercalated discs allows the rapid transmission of electrical impulses through heart muscle tissue

35
Q

Gametes?

A

Reproductive cells
- Have haploid nuclea
- A diploid zygote is formed when gametes fuse during fertilization

36
Q

Sperm - Male gametes?

A

Small cells w/streamlined shape adapted to swimming
- Composed of a head, mid piece, and Flagellum
- Continually produced in vast numbers

37
Q

Adaptations of sperm

A

The head of sperm contains a haploid nucleus and an acrosome
- Acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help the sperm to fertilize the egg

The midpiece contains many mitochondria
- Provides the sperm with ATP energy to swim

Flagellum allows the sperm to swim through the female reproductive system to reach the egg

38
Q

haploid nucleus

A

contains the paternal genetic information which combines with the maternal genetic information at fertilization

39
Q

Egg cells - female Gamets

A

Large cells that have a haploid nucleus w/ maternal genetic info that is combined w/ male genetic info at fertilization

40
Q

Adaptations of egg cell

A

Ovum contains many vesicles known as cortical granules that make zona Pellucida impenetrable to sperm after fertilization
- Cytoplasm of the egg contains many lipid droplets that provide the developing embryo with energy after fertilization
- Has no flagellum as it is non-motile

Biology (22 decks)

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